Bihar Board 12th Syllabus 2027: Science, Arts, Commerce Syllabus & Weightage

Stream

Major Subjects

Science

Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Hindi, English

Commerce

Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Mathematics, Hindi, English

Arts

History, Political Science, Geography, Economics, Psychology, Hindi, English

Common/Language

Hindi, English and other approved language subjects

Subject

Major Areas

Physics

Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Magnetism, EMI, AC, Optics, Modern Physics, Electronics

Chemistry

Solutions, Electrochemistry, Chemical Kinetics, p-Block, Coordination Compounds, Organic Chemistry

Mathematics

Relations and Functions, Algebra, Calculus, Vectors, 3D Geometry, Linear Programming, Probability

Biology

Reproduction, Genetics, Evolution, Human Welfare, Biotechnology, Ecology

Unit

Chapters/Topics

Approx. Weightage

Relations and Functions

• Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence
• One-one, onto functions, composite functions, inverse functions
• Binary operations
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Definition, range, domain, principal value branches
• Graphs and basic properties

10

Algebra

Matrices:

• Concept, order, equality, types, transpose, identity, zero, symmetric/skew-symmetric
• Operations: addition, scalar multiplication, multiplication (non-commutative), elementary operations
• Invertible matrices, uniqueness of inverse

Determinants:

• Determinants up to 3×3, properties, minors, cofactors
• Adjoint, inverse, area of a triangle
• Solving linear equations: consistency, uniqueness, inverse method

13

Calculus

Continuity and Differentiability:

• Derivatives of composite, implicit, parametric, exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions
• Second-order derivatives
• Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Theorems (without proof)

Applications of Derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing, tangents/normals, approximations, maxima-minima

Integrals:

• Integration as the inverse of differentiation
• Methods: substitution, partial fractions, by parts
• Definite integrals, properties, Fundamental Theorem (without proof)

Applications of Integrals: Area under curves and between curves (lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses)

Differential Equations:

• Order, degree, general/particular solutions
• Formation, variable separable method
• Homogeneous and linear differential equations

44

Vectors and 3D Geometry

Vectors:

• Scalars/vectors, direction cosines/ratios, magnitude, direction
• Types of vectors, position vector, vector addition
• Scalar multiplication, section formula, dot, and cross product
• Scalar triple product

3-D Geometry:

• Direction cosines/ ratios of lines
• Cartesian/vector equations of lines and planes
• Angle between lines/ planes, skew lines
• Distance from point to plane, the shortest distance

17

Linear Programming

• Introduction, terms: constraints, objective function, optimization
• Formulation of problems
• Graphical method (2 variables)
• Feasible and infeasible regions, optimal solutions (up to 3 constraints)

6

Probability

• Multiplication theorem, conditional probability, independence
• Total probability theorem, Bayes’ theorem
• Random variables and distributions
• Mean and variance of a random variable
• Bernoulli trials, Binomial distribution

10

Branch

Chapter/Unit

Important Topics

Physical Chemistry

Solid State

Electrical and magnetic properties, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell, point defects

Solutions

Concentration, Raoult's Law, Colligative Properties, Van't Hoff Factor, Osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and abnormal molecular mass

Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Cells, EMF, Nernst Equation, Conductance, Corrosion, Kohlrausch’s Law, lead accumulator, conductance in electrolytic solutions, variation of conductivity

Chemical Kinetics

Rate Law, Order, Half-Life, Arrhenius Equation, Integrated rate equations, basics of collision theory

Surface Chemistry

Colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, emulsion types, coagulation, electrophoresis

Inorganic Chemistry

Isolation of Elements

Extraction principles of Al, Cu, Zn, Fe; concentration, oxidation, reduction, electrolytic method, refining

p-Block Elements

Groups 15–18, Important Compounds and Reactions, Halides (PCl₃), ozone, allotropic forms of sulfur and phosphorus, preparation and uses of SO₂

d and f Block Elements

Transition Elements, Lanthanoids, Actinoids, Magnetic properties, ionization enthalpy, K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄ preparation and properties, interstitial compounds

Coordination Compounds

Nomenclature, Isomerism, VBT, CFT, IUPAC naming, bonding theories (Werner’s, VBT, CFT), ligands, structure, stereoisomerism

Organic Chemistry

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Substitution and Elimination Reactions, C-X bond nature, nomenclature, physical/chemical properties

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Addition, Oxidation, Reduction and Named Reactions, Carbonyl group nature, preparation methods, physical properties, and uses

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Dehydration mechanism, physical/chemical properties, uses of methanol and ethanol

Amines

Classification, Basicity, structure, preparation methods, primary/secondary/tertiary amines

Biomolecules

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen), and their biological importance

Polymers

Types of polymers, natural and synthetic (e.g., rubber, bakelite), biodegradable and non-biodegradable

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Antiseptics, disinfectants, antacids, tranquillizers, artificial sweeteners, antihistamines

Unit

Chapter

Major Topics

Approx. Theory Weightage

1

Electrostatics

Electric Charges, Coulomb's Law, Electric Field, Gauss's Law, Potential, Capacitance, conservation of charge, electric dipole in a field

8–10

2

Current Electricity

Ohm's Law, Resistance, Kirchhoff's Laws, Wheatstone Bridge, Potentiometer, V-I characteristics, power, resistivity, Kirchhoff’s laws, meter bridge

7–8

3

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Biot-Savart Law, Ampere's Law, Cyclotron, Galvanometer, Magnetism, Torque on magnetic dipole, solenoid, magnetic force, Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic elements

8–10

4

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

Faraday's Law, Lenz's Law, AC Generator, Transformer, Resonance, induced emf, and current, peak and RMS values, reactance, and impedance

10–12

5

Electromagnetic Waves

EM Spectrum, Properties and Applications, transverse nature, electromagnetic spectrum, uses of EM waves

3

6

Optics

Ray Optics, Wave Optics, Interference, Diffraction, Polarisation, Reflection, Refraction, lensmaker’s formula, TIR, magnification, mirror and lens combinations

14–16

7

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Photoelectric Effect, Einstein Equation, de Broglie Waves, Wave-particle duality, Davisson-Germer experiment

4–5

8

Atoms and Nuclei

Bohr Model, Radioactivity, Nuclear Fission and Fusion, Hydrogen spectrum, atomic structure, Rutherford’s experiment

6–7

9

Electronic Devices

Semiconductor Devices, Diodes, Logic Gates, Transistor as switch/amplifier, I-V characteristics, analog and digital signals

7–8

10

Communication Systems

Communication Elements, Satellite Communication, Internet, EM wave propagation, amplitude modulation, production, and detection of modulated waves

3–4

Unit

Chapters

Important Topics

Approx. Weightage

Unit 1

Reproduction

Flowering Plant Reproduction, Human Reproduction, Reproductive Health

14–16

Unit 2

Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian Genetics, DNA, RNA, Molecular Inheritance, Evolution

18–20

Unit 3

Biology and Human Welfare

Human Diseases, Immunity, Food Production, Microbes

14

Unit 4

Biotechnology

Biotechnology Principles, Processes and Applications

10–12

Unit 5

Ecology and Environment

Organisms, Ecosystem, Biodiversity, Environmental Issues

14

Subject

Major Areas

History

Ancient, Medieval and Modern Indian History

Political Science

World Politics and Indian Politics

Geography

Human Geography, Resources, Population, Transport and Environmental Issues

Economics

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Psychology

Human Behaviour, Cognition, Personality and Psychological Disorders

Philosophy

Indian and Western philosophical traditions

Languages

Hindi, English and other approved language papers

Unit No. & Name

Contents

1: Constitution & Its Goal

Development, sources, Constituent Assembly, Preamble

2: Features of the Indian Constitution

Key characteristics

3: Federalism in India

Structure, territorial changes, controversies

4: Fundamental Rights & Duties

Meaning, importance, amendments

5: Directive Principles of State Policy

Sources, difference from FR, importance

6: Union Executive

President, Vice-President, PM, Council of Ministers

7: Parliament

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha – composition and powers

8: State Executive

Governor, CM, State Council of Ministers

9: State Legislature

Bihar Assembly and Council – powers and roles

10: Judiciary

Supreme Court, Patna High Court, Lok Adalat, PIL

11: Electoral System in India

Election Commission, voting, party system

12: Local Self-Government (Bihar)

Panchayati Raj, constitutional amendments

13: National Integration & Challenges

Communalism, casteism, regionalism, Naxalism

14: Foreign Policy of India

Determinants, principles, NAM, SAARC, UNO

Part

Major Chapters/Themes

Ancient India

Harappan Civilisation; Early States and Societies; Buddhist/Jain traditions

Ancient/Medieval

Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings; Through the Eyes of Travellers

Medieval India

Bhakti-Sufi Traditions; Vijayanagara; Mughal Courts

Medieval/Modern Transition

Colonialism and Rural Society; Rebels and the Raj

Modern India

Colonial Cities; Mahatma Gandhi and Nationalist Movement

Modern India

Understanding Partition; Framing of the Constitution

Topic

Period/ Theme

Pre-historic Cultures

Ancient India

Harappan Civilization

Indus Valley

Early Indian Religion

Vedic & Post-Vedic

Political & Economic History of Mauryan

Mauryan Empire

Culture & Economy: Post-Mauryan to Gupta

Gupta Period

Economy, Society & Culture: Early Medieval

Early Medieval India

Political Changes under Sultanate

Delhi Sultanate

Indo-Islamic Culture

Medieval Synthesis

Urban Economy in Medieval Age

Trade & Commerce

Bhakti & Sufi Movements

Religious Reform

Rule of East India Company

Colonial Expansion

Revolt of 1857

First War of Independence

Indian Awakening in 19th Century

Social & Religious Reform

Nationalist Movements

Freedom Struggle

Partition & Independence

1947

Visions of the New State

Post-Independence

Section

Topics

गद्य

Prescribed prose lessons, themes, characters, context and explanations

पद्य

Prescribed poems, भावार्थ, व्याख्या, काव्यगत विशेषताएँ

लेखन

निबंध, पत्र/आवेदन, सार/अनुच्छेद लेखन

व्याकरण

संधि, समास, मुहावरे-लोकोक्तियाँ, पर्यायवाची, विलोम, लिंग, शब्द-रचना आदि

साहित्यिक ज्ञान

लेखक, कवि, रचनाएँ, प्रमुख विचार एवं संदर्भ

Section

Marks

Gadya Khanda

22

Padya Khanda

8

Vyakaran

15

• Sandhi: 5
• Samas: 5
• Ras: 5
• Alankar: 5
• Varn Vichar: 5
• Shabd Vichar: 5
• Sangya, Ling, Vachan: 5
• Karak, Sarvanam: 5

Lekhan Karya

5

Total MCQ

50

Total Subjective

50

Section

Topics

Reading

Unseen comprehension, vocabulary, inference and interpretation

Writing

Essay, letter/application, précis/comprehension-based writing

Grammar

Tenses, Voice, Narration, Prepositions, Modals, Articles, Synthesis, Subject-Verb Agreement

Literature

Prose and poetry from prescribed textbook

Story/English Studies

History/development of English and prescribed literary topics

Topic

Sub-topics

Parts of Speech

Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection

Degree & Determiners

Comparative, Superlative, Articles, Quantifiers

Functional Grammar

Sentence Transformation, Question Tags, Reported Speech

Vocabulary

Synonyms, Antonyms, One-word Substitution, Spelling Correction

Error Correction

Subject-Verb Agreement, Tense Errors, Preposition Errors

Writing Skills

Essay, Letter (Formal/Informal), Precis, Passage Completion

Subject

Major Units

Accountancy

Partnership Firms, Companies, Financial Statements, Ratio Analysis, Cash Flow

Business Studies

Management, Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Controlling, Finance, Marketing

Economics

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Mathematics

Algebra, Calculus, Vectors, Probability and Linear Programming

Languages

Hindi, English and other approved language subjects

Unit & Name

Topics & Details

Unit 1: Programming in C++

Review of Class XI C++ concepts, structures, OOP, inheritance, constructors/destructors, file handling, pointers

Unit 2: Data Structures

Arrays (1D & 2D), stacks, queues, infix to postfix conversion and evaluation

Unit 3: Database and SQL

Relational databases, primary/candidate/alternate keys, SQL commands (CREATE, SELECT, etc.), functions

Unit 4: Boolean Algebra

De Morgan’s laws, duality, AND/OR/NOT/NAND/NOR gates, Karnaugh maps

Unit 5: Communication & Networking

Optical fiber, routers, switches, TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, cybersecurity topics like firewalls and hacking prevention

Part

Unit

Major Topics

Microeconomics

Introduction

Central problems, economic concepts

Consumer Behaviour and Demand

Utility, demand, elasticity

Producer Behaviour and Supply

Production, cost, revenue, supply

Market Forms

Perfect Competition, Monopoly and price determination

Macroeconomics

National Income

GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP and measurement

Money and Banking

Money supply, commercial banks, RBI

Income and Employment

Aggregate demand, multiplier and equilibrium

Government Budget

Revenue, expenditure and deficits

Balance of Payments

Foreign exchange and BOP

Subject

High-Priority Unit

Approx. Weightage

Mathematics

Calculus

44

Vectors & 3D Geometry

17

Physics

Optics

14–16

EMI & AC

10–12

Chemistry

p-Block

9–10

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

7–8

Biology

Genetics & Evolution

18–20

Reproduction

14–16

Economics

Consumer Behaviour & Demand

18

Producer Behaviour & Supply

18