Bihar Board Class 12 Exam Syllabus 2026: Subject-Wise Topics, Exam Pattern & Marks Distribution

Subject

Written Exam

Practical / Internal Assessment

Total Marks

Stream

Physics

70

30

100

Science

Chemistry

70

30

100

Science

Biology

70

30

100

Science

Mathematics

100

—

100

Science/Commerce

English

80

20

100

All Streams

Hindi

100

—

100

All Streams

Political Science

100

—

100

Arts

History

100

—

100

Arts

Geography

70

30

100

Arts

Economics

90

10

100

Arts/Commerce

Accountancy

100

—

100

Commerce

Business Studies

100

—

100

Commerce

Psychology

70

30

100

Arts

Sociology

80

20

100

Arts

Computer Science

70

30

100

Science

Particulars

Marks

Grammar + Objective from Book Section

50 Marks

Essay (8 × 1 mark)

8 Marks

Prose Explanation (4 × 1 mark)

4 Marks

Poetry Explanation (4 × 1 mark)

4 Marks

Letter/Application Writing (5 × 1 mark)

5 Marks

Short Questions (5 × 2 marks)

10 Marks

Summary/Translation/Story of English/Match the Following (5 × 3 marks)

15 Marks

Unseen Passage (4 × 1 mark)

4 Marks

Total

: 100 Marks

Unit & Title

Topics

Unit 1: Relations and Functions

- Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence

- One-one, onto functions, composite functions, inverse functions

- Binary operations

- Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Definition, range, domain, principal value branches

- Graphs and basic properties

Unit 2: Algebra

Matrices:

- Concept, order, equality, types, transpose, identity, zero, symmetric/skew-symmetric

- Operations: addition, scalar multiplication, multiplication (non-commutative), elementary operations

- Invertible matrices, uniqueness of inverse

Determinants:

- Determinants up to 3×3, properties, minors, cofactors

- Adjoint, inverse, area of a triangle

- Solving linear equations: consistency, uniqueness, inverse method

Unit 3: Calculus

Continuity and Differentiability:

- Derivatives of composite, implicit, parametric, exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions

- Second-order derivatives

- Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Theorems (without proof)

Applications of Derivatives:

- Rate of change, increasing/decreasing, tangents/normals, approximations, maxima-minima

Integrals:

- Integration as the inverse of differentiation

- Methods: substitution, partial fractions, by parts

- Definite integrals, properties, Fundamental Theorem (without proof)

Applications of Integrals:

- Area under curves and between curves (lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses)

Differential Equations:

- Order, degree, general/particular solutions

- Formation, variable separable method

- Homogeneous and linear differential equations

Unit 4: Vectors and 3D Geometry

Vectors:

- Scalars/vectors, direction cosines/ratios, magnitude, direction

- Types of vectors, position vector, vector addition

- Scalar multiplication, section formula, dot, and cross product

- Scalar triple product

3-D Geometry:

- Direction cosines/ratios of lines

- Cartesian/vector equations of lines and planes

- Angle between lines/planes, skew lines

- Distance from point to plane, the shortest distance

Unit 5: Linear Programming

- Introduction, terms: constraints, objective function, optimization

- Formulation of problems

- Graphical method (2 variables)

- Feasible and infeasible regions, optimal solutions (up to 3 constraints)

Unit 6: Probability

- Multiplication theorem, conditional probability, independence

- Total probability theorem, Bayes’ theorem

- Random variables and distributions

- Mean and variance of a random variable

- Bernoulli trials, Binomial distribution

Unit

Topics

Electrostatics

Electric charges, conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law, electric potential energy, electric dipole in a field

Current Electricity

Ohm’s law, resistance, V-I characteristics, power, resistivity, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge

Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism

Torque on magnetic dipole, solenoid, magnetic force, Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic elements

Electromagnetic Induction and AC

Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, induced emf, and current, peak and RMS values, reactance, and impedance

Electromagnetic Waves

Characteristics, transverse nature, electromagnetic spectrum, uses of EM waves

Optics

Reflection, refraction, lensmaker’s formula, TIR, magnification, mirror and lens combinations

Dual Nature of Matter

Wave-particle duality, de Broglie relation, photoelectric effect, Einstein’s equation, Davisson-Germer experiment

Atoms and Nuclei

Bohr model, hydrogen spectrum, atomic structure, radioactivity, Rutherford’s experiment

Electronic Devices

Transistor as switch/amplifier, I-V characteristics, analog and digital signals

Communication Systems

EM wave propagation, amplitude modulation, production, and detection of modulated waves

Unit

Topics Covered

Unit 1: Solid State

Electrical and magnetic properties, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell, point defects

Unit 2: Solutions

Osmotic pressure, colligative properties, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and abnormal molecular mass

Unit 3: Electrochemistry

Kohlrausch’s Law, lead accumulator, conductance in electrolytic solutions, variation of conductivity

Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics

Integrated rate equations, half-life, basics of collision theory (no mathematical treatment)

Unit 5: Surface Chemistry

Colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, emulsion types, coagulation, electrophoresis

Unit 6: Isolation of Elements

Extraction principles of Al, Cu, Zn, Fe; concentration, oxidation, reduction, electrolytic method, refining

Unit 7: p-block Elements

Halides (PCl₃), ozone, allotropic forms of sulfur and phosphorus, preparation and uses of SO₂

Unit 8: d and f-block Elements

Magnetic properties, ionization enthalpy, K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄ preparation and properties, interstitial compounds

Unit 9: Coordination Compounds

IUPAC naming, bonding theories (Werner’s, VBT, CFT), ligands, structure, stereoisomerism

Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

C-X bond nature, nomenclature, physical/chemical properties, substitution reactions

Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Dehydration mechanism, physical/chemical properties, uses of methanol and ethanol

Unit 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Carbonyl group nature, preparation methods, physical properties, and uses

Unit 13: Amines

Classification, structure, preparation methods, primary/secondary/tertiary amines

Unit 14: Biomolecules

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen), and their biological importance

Unit 15: Polymers

Types of polymers, natural and synthetic (e.g., rubber, bakelite), biodegradable and non-biodegradable

Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Antiseptics, disinfectants, antacids, tranquillizers, artificial sweeteners, antihistamines

Unit No.

Unit Name

Class 12 Weightage (in Marks)

1

Reproduction and Development

06

2

Genetics and Organic Evolution

18

3

Biotechnology & Its Application

18

4

Applied Biology and Human Welfare

18

5

Man and Environment

10

Total

70

Unit & Name

Topics & Details

Unit 1: Programming in C++

Review of Class XI C++ concepts, structures, OOP, inheritance, constructors/destructors, file handling, pointers

Unit 2: Data Structures

Arrays (1D & 2D), stacks, queues, infix to postfix conversion and evaluation

Unit 3: Database and SQL

Relational databases, primary/candidate/alternate keys, SQL commands (CREATE, SELECT, etc.), functions

Unit 4: Boolean Algebra

De Morgan’s laws, duality, AND/OR/NOT/NAND/NOR gates, Karnaugh maps

Unit 5: Communication & Networking

Optical fiber, routers, switches, TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, cybersecurity topics like firewalls and hacking prevention

Unit

Topics

1

Harappan Archaeology, Political/Economic/Social History, Buddhism and other religions

2

Mughal Court, Agrarian Relations, New Architecture, Religious Histories

3

Colonialism, Rural society, National Movement, Partition, Constitution, Independence

4

Map Work

Unit No. & Name

Contents

1: Constitution & Its Goal

Development, sources, Constituent Assembly, Preamble

2: Features of the Indian Constitution

Key characteristics

3: Federalism in India

Structure, territorial changes, controversies

4: Fundamental Rights & Duties

Meaning, importance, amendments

5: Directive Principles of State Policy

Sources, difference from FR, importance

6: Union Executives

President, Vice-President, PM, Council of Ministers

7: Parliament

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha – composition and powers

8: State Executive

Governor, CM, State Council of Ministers

9: State Legislature

Bihar Assembly and Council – powers and roles

10: Judiciary

Supreme Court, Patna High Court, Lok Adalat, PIL

11: Electoral System in India

Election Commission, voting, party system

12: Local Self-Government (Bihar)

Panchayati Raj, constitutional amendments

13: National Integration & Challenges

Communalism, casteism, regionalism, Naxalism

14: Foreign Policy of India

Determinants, principles, NAM, SAARC, UNO

Unit

Key Concepts

Fundamentals of Human Geography

Nature and scope, population, human activities, transport, communication, human settlement

India: People & Economy

Location, physical divisions, climate, resources, transport, population, natural hazards

Part

Unit

Course of Study

A

1

Introduction

2

Consumer Behaviour and Demand

3

Producer Behaviour & Supply

4

Forms of Market and Price Determination

5

Tools of Demand and Supply Curve

B

6

National Income and Aggregates

7

Income & Employment Determination

8

Money and Banking

9

Government Budget and the Economy

10

International Economics

C

-

Developing Projects in Economics

Part & Unit/Topic

Details

Part A: Foundations of Business

Business purpose, forms, services, global enterprise, ethics

Part B: Corporate Org., Finance & Trade

Company formation, finance sources, internal/international trade

Part C: Project Work

Project Report + Viva

Unit No. & Name

Topics

Unit 1: Not-for-Profit Organisation

Concepts, Receipts & Payments, Income & Expenditure, Balance Sheet

Unit 2: Incomplete Records

Single Entry, Statement of Affairs, Profit/Loss ascertainment

Unit 3: Partnership Firms

Goodwill, Admission/Retirement, Revaluation, Capital Adjustment

Unit 4: Share Capital and Debenture

Issue/Forfeiture of shares, Debentures, over/under subscription

Unit 5: Financial Statements

Ratio analysis – liquidity, solvency, profitability, etc.

Unit 6: Cash Flow Statement

Depreciation, tax/dividend adjustments, ICAI standard

Unit 7: Project/Computerised Accounting

SQL, ERP concepts, coding, grouping, ledger, journal, trial balance