If there were only one type of charge in the universe, then ______. a. oint_s E.dS $\neq$ 0 on any surface. b. oint_s E.dS = 0 if the charge is outside the surface. c. oint_s E.dS could not be defined. d. oint_s E.dS = q/ε_0 if charges of magnitude q were inside the surface.

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b and d Explanation: From Gauss’ law, we know oint_s E.dS = q/ε_0, here q is the charge enclosed by the closed surface. If oint_s E.dS = 0 then q = 0, i.e., net charge enclosed by the surface must be zero. If the charge is outside the surface, then charge enclosed by the surface is q = 0 and thus, oint E.dS = 0.

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