p - type semi-conductors are made by mixing silicon with impurities of ______.

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p - type semi-conductors are made by mixing silicon with impurities of boron. Explanation: This is because boron is a trivalent element (group 13) having three valence electrons, one fewer than silicon's four. When boron replaces silicon atoms in the crystal lattice, it causes a one-electron deficiency, resulting in a “hole” that works as a positive charge carrier, hence the “p-type” classification.

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