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Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPU CET)

Updated on 4 Sept, 2026 by Kollegeapply

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff has been released by the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University along with the results. Candidates can check the category-wise, college-wise, and course-wise cutoff ranks on the official website https://ipu.admissions.nic.in/.

This page provides the detailed IPU CET cutoff analysis for 2022, helping students estimate admission chances in top colleges.


IPU CET 2022 cutoff for General category ranges from 63 to 151,560 rank, while EWS, GeneralPwD, OBC, and SC cutoffs are lower based on category reservations. Candidates with rank under 151,560 have high chances of getting top colleges like DCRUST Sonepat, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, and MSIT.


IPU CET 2022 Cutoff Highlights

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff represents the minimum rank required to qualify for admissions into participating colleges.

The cutoff is released by the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and is used for counselling and seat allocation.


Key Highlights

  • Exam Name: IPU CET 2022
  • Conducting Body: Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
  • Cutoff Type: Rank
  • Total Counselling Rounds: 4
  • Total Colleges Participating: 33
  • Top Courses: B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering, bachelor-of-business-administration-bba, Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)
  • Categories Covered: General, SC, ST, OBC, EWS, GeneralPwD
  • Quota Types: All India, Home State

IPU CET 2022 Cutoff Overview

The table below provides complete details of the IPU CET 2022 cutoff including exam structure, categories, and admission scope.

ParticularsDetails
Exam NameIPU CET
Conducting BodyGuru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Cutoff TypeRank
Courses AcceptingBBA, B.Tech, BCA
Categories CoveredGeneral, SC, ST, OBC, EWS, GeneralPwD
Total Rounds4
Total Colleges Participating33
Official Websitehttps://ipu.admissions.nic.in/
QuotasAll India, Home State
Top CoursesB.Tech. Computer Science Engineering, bachelor-of-business-administration-bba, Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)

Status

  • Cutoff Status: Released
  • Last Updated: September 2026

IPU CET 2022 Cutoff Category Wise for Government and Private Colleges

The IPU CET 2022 category-wise cutoff highlights the opening and closing rank range for admission into government and private colleges across different categories. The cutoff varies based on factors such as category reservation, seat availability, and college type, with government institutes generally having more competition compared to private colleges.

CategoryGovernmentPrivate
General114889 - 15156063 - 142575
OBC114889 - 15156063 - 142575
SC477995 - 528399520 - 588963
ST599705827 - 351856
EWS-99 - 142575
GeneralPwD-235 - 593235

Can You Get a College with Your Rank?

The IPU CET 2022 rank plays a crucial role in determining your chances of admission into top institutes across India. Based on previous cutoff trends, the table below highlights what type of colleges you can expect at different eligibility ranges.

Eligibility RangeTop Colleges
Below 1,000MSI, Periyar Maniammai University
1,000 – 5,000Sanskar Educational Group, V.D. Institute of Technology
5,000 – 10,000United Group of Institutions
10,000 – 30,000Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, MSIT
30,000 – 50,000BPIT Delhi, GTBIT

IPU CET 2022 Marks vs Rank

The table below shows the relationship between marks scored and the corresponding rank in IPU CET 2022. Understanding this mapping helps candidates estimate their expected rank based on marks scored and compare it against historical cutoff trends.

MarksRank
0 - 3925001 - 30000
40 - 7920001 - 25000
80 - 11916001 - 20000
120 - 15912001 - 16000
160 - 1998001 - 12000
200 - 2395001 - 8000
240 - 2793001 - 5000
280 - 3191501 - 3000
320 - 349501 - 1500
350 - 379101 - 500
380 - 4001 - 100

IPU CET 2022 Expected vs Actual Cutoff

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff comparison between expected and actual values helps candidates understand trend accuracy and exam competitiveness.

CategoryExpected (Rank)Actual (Rank)Difference
General3,798 - 346,93563 - 151,560195,375 Lower
OBC82 - 346,93563 - 151,560195,375 Lower
SC31,975 - 802,671520 - 588,963213,708 Lower
ST569,645 - 662,568827 - 599,70562,863 Lower
EWS82 - 6,44399 - 142,575136,132 Higher

Why Did the Cutoff Change?

The variation between expected and actual cutoff is influenced by:

  • Exam Difficulty Level: Slightly easier paper can increase cutoff, while tougher papers may reduce it.
  • Number of Candidates: Higher participation generally raises competition and affects closing trends.
  • Normalization Process: Session-wise normalization may create minor variation in final rank outcomes.
  • Seat Availability: Stable seat intake usually keeps cutoff movement within an expected range.

Accuracy Analysis

  • Prediction Accuracy: Previous-year based estimates are generally close to actual cutoff outcomes.
  • General Category: Shows comparatively tighter competition and visible year-to-year movement.
  • Reserved Categories: Mostly follow expected direction with moderate variation.
  • Overall Insight: IPU CET 2022 cutoff remained slightly varied across categories.

IPU CET Cutoff Trend (2022 vs 2021 vs 2020)

The IPU CET cutoff trend over the last few years helps candidates understand how competition and qualifying percentiles have evolved.


Year-wise Cutoff Trend

YearGeneralOBC-NCLSCST
2022151560151560588963599705
2021346935346935802671662568
2020456631456631919661-

Key Insights

  • Overall Stability: General cutoff remains stable around 90-91 percentile
  • Increase from 2022 to 2023: Due to higher competition post-COVID normalization
  • Minor Fluctuations (2020-2022): Caused by normalization and paper difficulty
  • Reserved Categories: Gradual increase in cutoff due to rising participation
  • ST Category: Shows highest variation due to lower applicant pool

Insight: Cutoff trends show consistent competition growth with slight yearly variation


Category-wise College Cutoff Comparison (General Category)

This table shows how college-level cutoffs have changed over the last 3 years for General category.

College202220212020
DCRUST Sonepat151560346935456631
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology23448--
MSIT29926--
BPIT Delhi38113--

Insights

  • Top Colleges: Slightly more competitive in recent years
  • Mid-tier Colleges: Wider variation based on seat changes
  • Overall Trend: Competition increasing gradually

College wise IPU CET 2022 Cutoff (Category-wise Opening & Closing Ranks)

The IPU CET 2022 college-wise cutoff includes opening and closing ranks for top colleges like DCRUST Sonepat, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, and MSIT across categories. These cutoffs are released during counselling and vary based on college, branch, category, and quota

CollegeBranchCategoryOpening RankClosing Rank
DCRUST SonepatB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral114889131161
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of TechnologyB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral1967119671
MSITB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral2757527575
BPIT DelhiB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral3811338113
GTBITB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral4010540105
MSIbachelor-of-business-administration-bbaGeneral103103
HMRITMB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral6876877754
DTC Greater NoidaB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral6834568345
JIMS Greater NoidaB.Tech. Computer Science EngineeringGeneral8746087460
United Group of Institutionsbachelor-of-business-administration-bbaGeneral61636163

Insight: DCRUST Sonepat, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, and MSIT close within top 19,671-131,161 ranks for core branches.

Key Insights

  • Cutoffs vary significantly by college tier and branch popularity.
  • bachelor-of-business-administration-bba has the lowest closing rank (103), indicating highest competition.
  • 3 colleges close within top 20,000 ranks, while 4 are within top 30,000 ranks.
  • Final cutoff depends on counselling rounds, preferences, and seat matrix.

College-wise IPU CET 2022 Cutoff (Category-wise Opening & Closing Ranks)

CollegeGeneralSCSTOBC
DCRUST Sonepat114889 - 151560477995 - 528399599705114889 - 151560
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology19671 - 23448124959 - 130403185043 - 20616019671 - 23448
MSIT27575 - 29926138217 - 167536290168 - 30375227575 - 29926
BPIT Delhi3811317400035185638113
GTBIT40105 - 4774785416--
MSI99 - 401520 - 10030827 - 1511899 - 442
HMRITM68768 - 102198300838 - 588963--
DTC Greater Noida68345234734--
JIMS Greater Noida87460417261-87460
United Group of Institutions1009 - 656324748 - 37005-1009 - 6563

Safe Score for IPU CET 2022

The IPU CET safe score is the minimum marks range required to secure admission into good colleges without high risk. It varies based on category, branch preference, and competition level.


Safe Score for Top Colleges

150-180+ marks

What this means:

  • Strong chance in top colleges with competitive branches.
  • Possible entry into B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering and bachelor-of-business-administration-bba in good institutes.
  • Rank range typically under 6,163-38,113 for stronger options.

Safe Score for Other Good Colleges

120-150+ marks

What this means:

  • Good chance in institutes offering B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering and bachelor-of-business-administration-bba.
  • Access to mid to top institutes with strong placement records.
  • Rank range typically under 38,113-77,754.

Pro Tip: Always keep a buffer of +10-20 marks above the safe score due to normalization and yearly cutoff variation.


What Rank is Required for Top Colleges?

The IPU CET rank is the most critical factor in securing admission to top colleges. Based on previous trends, the table below shows what rank is required for MSI, United Group of Institutions, and Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology across categories.


Rank under 19,671

College NameGeneralSCSTOBC
MSI99 - 401520 - 10030827 - 1511899 - 442

Rank under 40,105

  • Strong chance in colleges like MSI, United Group of Institutions, and Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology.
  • Likely branches: B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering and bachelor-of-business-administration-bba.
  • Category advantage applies for better branch outcomes.

Insight: Best range for highly competitive colleges in current trends.


Rank under 87,460

  • Admission possible in colleges like MSI, United Group of Institutions, and Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology.
  • This range keeps more realistic options open across counselling rounds.
  • Wider branch flexibility is usually available compared to lower rank bands.

Insight: Ideal for balanced college and branch targets with strong placement potential.


Final Takeaway: Under 19,671 ranks target top-tier options, under 40,105 ranks strengthen access to Top Colleges, and under 87,460 ranks open broader options like Good Colleges.

  • Under 40,105: 6 strong cutoff outcomes in current trend set.
  • Under 87,460: 9 broader cutoff outcomes in current trend set.

Top Colleges Accepting IPU CET 2022 Cutoff

Explore the top engineering colleges accepting IPU CET 2022 scores. Click below to check detailed branch-wise opening & closing ranks and cutoff trends.

CollegeFeesMedian SalaryCoursesRanking
DCRUST Sonepat₹ 13.29 Lakhs₹ 4.00 Lakhs89-
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology₹ 7.03 Lakhs₹ 8.25 Lakhs16IndiaToday #14
MSIT₹ 5.85 Lakhs₹ 6.50 Lakhs9IndiaToday #11
BPIT Delhi₹ 3.91 Lakhs₹ 7.00 Lakhs10-
GTBIT₹ 2.08 Lakhs-14-
MSI₹ 2.64 Lakhs₹ 3.80 Lakhs12IndiaToday #3
HMRITM₹ 3.91 Lakhs₹ 7.00 Lakhs20-
DTC Greater Noida₹ 11.69 Lakhs-13-
JIMS Greater Noida₹ 4.44 Lakhs₹ 2.40 Lakhs9IndiaToday #53
United Group of Institutions₹ 5.20 Lakhs-23-

Top B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering Colleges - 2022 Cutoff (Category-wise Opening & Closing Ranks)

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering highlights the closing ranks required for admission into top colleges across categories. B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering remains highly competitive in most exams, with lower closing ranks compared to many other streams.

CollegeGeneralSCSTOBC
DCRUST Sonepat114889 - 131161477995 - 523244599705114889
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology1967112495918504319671
MSIT2757513821729016827575
BPIT Delhi3811317400035185638113
GTBIT4010585416--
HMRITM68768 - 77754351662--
DTC Greater Noida68345234734--
JIMS Greater Noida87460417261-87460
Mahavir Swami Institute of Technology142575533242-142575
GNIOT75922 - 90167359335--

Key Insights

  • Top 3 colleges (Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, MSIT, and BPIT Delhi) close within top 38,113 ranks (General).
  • SC/ST categories show comparatively relaxed closing ranks versus General in multiple colleges.
  • B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering remains a high-demand branch across top colleges.

Insight: To secure B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering in top colleges, aim for under 30,490 rank, while under 68,603 rank can still fetch strong options.


Top bachelor-of-business-administration-bba Colleges - 2022 Cutoff (Category-wise Opening & Closing Ranks)

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba highlights the closing ranks required for admission into top colleges across categories. bachelor-of-business-administration-bba remains highly competitive in most exams, with lower closing ranks compared to many other streams.

CollegeGeneralSCSTOBC
MSI103263615118103
United Group of Institutions6163--6163
Sanskar Educational Group4517--4517

Key Insights

  • Top 3 colleges (MSI, Sanskar Educational Group, and United Group of Institutions) close within top 6,163 ranks (General).
  • SC/ST categories show comparatively relaxed closing ranks versus General in multiple colleges.
  • bachelor-of-business-administration-bba remains a high-demand branch across top colleges.

Insight: To secure bachelor-of-business-administration-bba in top colleges, aim for under 4,930 rank, while under 11,093 rank can still fetch strong options.


Top Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) Colleges - 2022 Cutoff (Category-wise Opening & Closing Ranks)

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff for Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) highlights the closing ranks required for admission into top colleges across categories. Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) remains highly competitive in most exams, with lower closing ranks compared to many other streams.

CollegeGeneralSCSTOBC
MSI99520289099
United Group of Institutions1829--1829
Sanskar Educational Group1954--1954

Key Insights

  • Top 3 colleges (MSI, United Group of Institutions, and Sanskar Educational Group) close within top 1,954 ranks (General).
  • SC/ST categories show comparatively relaxed closing ranks versus General in multiple colleges.
  • Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) remains a high-demand branch across top colleges.

Insight: To secure Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) in top colleges, aim for under 1,563 rank, while under 3,517 rank can still fetch strong options.


All India bachelor-of-business-administration-bba Cutoff 2022 – Opening & Closing Ranks


The IPU CET 2022 cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba shows the opening and closing ranks for top colleges under the All India quota. bachelor-of-business-administration-bba offers balanced competition, with moderate closing ranks across leading institutes.

General Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI103103
Sanskar Educational Group45174517
United Group of Institutions61636163

OBC Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI103103
Sanskar Educational Group45174517
United Group of Institutions61636163

SC Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI26362636

ST Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI1511815118

All India B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering Cutoff 2022 – Opening & Closing Ranks


The IPU CET 2022 cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering shows the opening and closing ranks for top colleges under the All India quota. B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering has comparatively higher closing ranks, making it more accessible for mid-rank candidates.

General Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi3811338113
DCRUST Sonepat114889131161
DTC Greater Noida6834568345
GNIOT7592290167
GTBIT4010540105
HMRITM6876877754
JIMS Greater Noida8746087460
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology1967119671
Mahavir Swami Institute of Technology142575142575
MSIT2757527575

OBC Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi3811338113
DCRUST Sonepat114889114889
JIMS Greater Noida8746087460
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology1967119671
Mahavir Swami Institute of Technology142575142575
MSIT2757527575

SC Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi174000174000
DCRUST Sonepat477995523244
DTC Greater Noida234734234734
GNIOT359335359335
GTBIT8541685416
HMRITM351662351662
JIMS Greater Noida417261417261
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology124959124959
Mahavir Swami Institute of Technology533242533242
MSIT138217138217

ST Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (All India 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi351856351856
DCRUST Sonepat599705599705
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology185043185043
MSIT290168290168

Home State bachelor-of-business-administration-bba Cutoff 2022 – Opening & Closing Ranks

General Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI236236
Sanskar Educational Group1151111511
United Group of Institutions1187911879

OBC Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI236236
Sanskar Educational Group1151111511
United Group of Institutions1187911879

SC Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI43804380

ST Category Cutoff for bachelor-of-business-administration-bba (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
MSI931931

Home State B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering Cutoff 2022 – Opening & Closing Ranks

General Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi7781777817
DTC Greater Noida184536184536
GNIOT239238247924
GTBIT9229292292
HMRITM178446220798
JIMS Greater Noida234934234934
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology3001130011
MSIT5289452894

SC Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi389938389938
DTC Greater Noida863844863844
GNIOT516194516194
GTBIT371186382325
HMRITM825780825780
JIMS Greater Noida761576761576
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology158499158499
MSIT230337230337

ST Category Cutoff for B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering (Home State 2022)

CollegeAll
OpeningClosing
BPIT Delhi868025868025
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology374265374265
MSIT311772311772

Course-wise Cutoff Range (All India Quota) 2022

CourseGeneralSCSTOBC
B.Tech. Computer Science Engineering19671 - 14257585416 - 533242185043 - 59970519671 - 142575
bachelor-of-business-administration-bba103 - 6163263615118103 - 6163
Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)99 - 1954520289099 - 1954
B.Tech. in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science91108 - 95994300838 - 388475--
B.Tech. in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning96392 - 102198588963--
Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)235 - 2529667827235 - 2529
Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)63--63
BA LLB656324748-6563
B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering (Second Shift)22117 - 81850130403 - 355767206160 - 30375222117 - 29926
Bachelor in Business Administration (Shift II)---442

College Wise Cutoff 2022

Explore college-wise cutoff pages for 2022 to check detailed branch-wise opening & closing ranks and admission trends.

NameCutoff Links
DCRUST SonepatView Cutoff
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of TechnologyView Cutoff
MSITView Cutoff
BPIT DelhiView Cutoff
GTBITView Cutoff
MSIView Cutoff
HMRITMView Cutoff
DTC Greater NoidaView Cutoff
JIMS Greater NoidaView Cutoff
United Group of InstitutionsView Cutoff

State Wise Cutoff

The IPU CET 2022 cutoff also varies based on state quota (Home State vs Other State), making it important for candidates targeting colleges within their region.


Telangana Cutoff

Colleges in Telangana such as MSI offer:

  • Higher closing ranks under Home State quota
  • Better chances for local candidates
  • Popular branches like bachelor-of-business-administration-bba closing around 236-868,025 (General)

Uttar Pradesh Cutoff

Colleges in Uttar Pradesh such as Sanskar Educational Group offer:

  • Higher closing ranks under Home State quota
  • Better chances for local candidates
  • Popular branches like bachelor-of-business-administration-bba closing around 11,511-863,844 (General)

Insight: Choosing colleges under Home State quota can significantly improve admission chances, especially for mid-rank candidates.


IPU CET 2022 Cutoff FAQs

What is the cutoff for IPU CET 2022?
The cutoff for IPU CET 2022 is expected to be around 63-151,560 rank for General category, while reserved categories may have lower cutoffs based on previous year trends and exam difficulty.
What is the expected cutoff for IPU CET 2022 (category-wise)?
The expected cutoff for IPU CET 2022 is:
  • General: 63-151,560 rank
  • OBC: 63-151,560 rank
  • SC: 520-588,963 rank
  • ST: 827-599,705 rank
These values are based on trend analysis and difficulty level.
What was the cutoff for IPU CET 2021?
In 2021, the cutoff for IPU CET was:
  • General: 3,798-346,935 rank
  • OBC: 82-346,935 rank
  • SC: 31,975-802,671 rank
This helps estimate the expected cutoff for 2022.
What marks are required for top percentile in IPU CET 2022?
To achieve 99 percentile in IPU CET 2022, candidates typically need around latest trend range marks, depending on exam difficulty and normalization.
What marks are required for 90 percentile in IPU CET 2022?
Candidates scoring around latest trend range marks can expect approximately 90 percentile in IPU CET 2022, based on previous session data.
What rank can I get with 90 percentile in IPU CET 2022?
With 90 percentile, candidates can expect a rank between 27,575-40,105, depending on the number of candidates appearing for IPU CET 2022.
Is 95 percentile good in IPU CET 2022?
Yes, 95 percentile in IPU CET 2022 is considered good, and may allow admission to good to excellent colleges, depending on category and branch preference.
What rank is required for top colleges through IPU CET 2022?
For top colleges accepting IPU CET 2022:
  • Top tier colleges: Rank under 27,575
  • Mid-tier colleges: Rank under 40,105
Admission depends on branch and category.
What is a safe score for IPU CET 2022?
A safe score for IPU CET 2022 is typically 120-150 to 150-180, which increases the chances of admission to top colleges based on previous year trends.
Will the cutoff for IPU CET 2022 increase or decrease?
The cutoff for IPU CET 2022 is expected to decrease due to factors like higher competition and tighter score spread, candidate participation, and seat availability.
What factors affect the cutoff for IPU CET 2022?
The cutoff for IPU CET 2022 is influenced by:
  • Difficulty level: higher competition and tighter score spread
  • Total seats: 33+ participating college options
Can I get a top college with my rank in IPU CET 2022?
With a good rank, candidates may get into DCRUST Sonepat, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, and MSIT, depending on branch preference and category cutoff trends.
What is the difference between qualifying and admission cutoff in IPU CET 2022?
The qualifying cutoff for IPU CET 2022 is 63-151,560 rank, while admission cutoffs vary by college and can go much higher depending on demand and seat availability.
Where can I check college-wise cutoff for IPU CET 2022?
Candidates can check detailed college-wise and branch-wise cutoff for IPU CET 2022 on KollegeApply, including opening and closing ranks for top institutes.

Related Cutoff Links