AP PGECET Syllabus 2026: Subject-wise Topics, Preparation Tips

Particulars

Details

Exam Mode

Online (Computer-based Test)

Duration

2 Hours (120 minutes)

Type of Questions

Multiple-choice Questions

Total Number of Questions

120

Total Marks

120

Marking Scheme

+1 for correct answers, no negative marking for incorrect or unattempted questions

Medium of the Question Paper

English

Subject

Syllabus

Biotechnology

Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition, growth, and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis); Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Microbial diversity and characteristic features; Viruses.

Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Weak inter-molecular interactions in biomacromolecules; Chemical and functional nature of enzymes; Kinetics of single substrate and bi-substrate enzyme-catalysed reactions; Bioenergetics; Metabolism (Glycolysis, TCA and Oxidative phosphorylation); Membrane transport and pumps; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell signalling and signal transduction;

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNA replication and control; Transcription and its control; Translational processes; Regulatory controls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Chromosomal variation; Population genetics; Transposable elements, Molecular basis of genetic diseases and applications.

Process Biotechnology: Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass and primary/secondary metabolites, such as baker’s yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics and pigments etc.; Microbial production, purification and bioprocess application(s) of industrial enzymes; Production and purification of recombinant proteins on a large scale; Chromatographic and membrane-based bioseparation methods; Immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for bioconversion processes. Aerobic and anaerobic biological processes for stabilisation of solid/liquid wastes; Bioremediation.

Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Simple structured models; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Aeration and agitation; Mass transfer in bioreactors; Rheology of fermentation fluids; Scale-up concepts; Design of fermentation media; Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation in bioreactors.

Plant and Animal Biotechnology: Special features and organization of plant cells; Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant products of industrial importance; Biochemistry of major metabolic pathways and products; Autotrophic and heterotrophic growth; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Cell suspension culture development: methodology, kinetics of growth and production formation, nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root cultures and their cultivation. Techniques in raising transgenics.

Chemical Engineering

Process Calculations and Thermodynamics: Laws of conservation of mass and energy; use of tie components; recycle, bypass, and purge calculations; degree of freedom analysis. First and Second laws of thermodynamics. First law application to close and open systems. Second law and Entropy Thermodynamic properties of pure substances: equation of state and departure function, properties of mixtures: partial molar properties, fugacity, excess properties and activity coefficients; phase equilibria; predicting VLE of systems; chemical reaction equilibria.

Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Operations: Fluid statics, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli equation, Macroscopic friction factors, energy balance, dimensional analysis, shell balances, flow through pipeline systems, flow meters, pumps and compressors, packed and fluidized beds, elementary boundary layer theory, size reduction and size separation; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification, filtration, mixing and agitation; conveying of solids.

Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, and radiation, heat transfer coefficients, steady and unsteady heat conduction, boiling, condensation, and evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators, and their design.

Mass Transfer: Fick's laws, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer coefficients, film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stage-wise and continuous contacting and stage efficiencies; HTU & NTU concepts design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption.

Chemical Reaction Engineering: Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data, single and multiple reactions in ideal reactors, non-ideal reactors; residence time distribution, single parameter model; non-isothermal reactors; kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions; diffusion effects in catalysis.

Instrumentation and Process Control: Measurement of process variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, transfer functions and dynamic responses of simple systems, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves; analysis of closed-loop systems including stability, frequency response and controller tuning, cascade, feed-forward control.

Civil Engineering

Structural Engineering

Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr's circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin-walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.

Geotechnical Engineering

Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and Inter-relationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength.

Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations-scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of the water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes: infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations, pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction.

Water Resources Engineering

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Properties of fluids, the principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli’s equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow, and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, and hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks, and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modelling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles, and specific speed of pumps and turbines.

Environmental Engineering

Water and Waste Water Engineering: Drinking water quality standards, water demand/requirements, Unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, special treatment methods, and distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage, sewer appurtenances, Quantity and characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater, effluent discharge standards, sludge treatment and disposal.

Transportation Engineering

Highway Planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, and design of flexible and rigid pavements.

Computer Science and Information Technology

Computer Science and Information Technology

Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotic.

Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; cutting vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Coloring; Planarity; Isomorphism.

Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic.

Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design, and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits; Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).

Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining, Cache and main memory, and Secondary storage.

Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps.

Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and-conquer; Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching. Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete.

Electrical Engineering

Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of DC and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts; ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin's, Norton's and Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, twoport networks, three-phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Ampere's and Biot-Savart's laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.

Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and scaling operations; linear, time-invariant, and causal systems; Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace, and Z transforms.

Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer - equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers - connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines - types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors; three phase induction motors - principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines - performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and stepper motors.

Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance; cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts.

Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors; Routh and Nyquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead, and lead-lag compensation; state space model; state transition matrix, controllability, and observability.

Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer, and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy, and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.

Electronics and Computer Engineering

Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set, and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady-state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.

Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, PIN, and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub, and twin-tub CMOS process.

Analog Circuits: Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, and rectification. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single- and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op- amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.

Digital circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs, and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, and DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor (8085): architecture, programming, memory, and I/O interfacing.

Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of the Laplace transform. Continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.

Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady-state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of the state equation of LTI control systems.

Food Technology

Food Chemistry and Nutrition

Food chemistry: Carbohydrates - Structure and functional properties of mono, di & oligo polysaccharides including starch, cellulose, pectic substances and dietary fibre; Proteins - Classification and structure of proteins in food. Lipids-Classification and structure of lipids, rancidity of fats, polymerization and polymorphism; Pigments – carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanins, tannins and myoglobin; Food flavours-Terpenes, esters, ketones and quinones; Enzymes-Enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning in different foods.

Food Microbiology & Biotechnology

Food Microbiology: Characteristics of microorganisms-Morphology, structure and detection of bacteria, yeast and mould in food, Spores and vegetative cells; Microbial growth in food-Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, Growth and death kinetics, serial dilution method for quantification; Food spoilage- Contributing factors, Spoilage bacteria, Microbial spoilage of milk and milk products, meat and meat products; Food bone disease-Toxins produced by Staphylococcus, Clostridium and Aspergillus; Bacterial pathogens – Salmonella, Bacillus, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter.

Food Technology

Cereals, pulses and oil seeds: Composition, nutritive value, processing methods and products of i) rice, wheat, and maize, barley, oats & minor millets; ii) Bengal gram, red gram, green gram, black gram, chickpeas; iii) Ground nut, soya bean, sunflower & other oil seeds.

Food Engineering

Fluid Mechanics: Nature of fluids, flow properties of fluids, flow through pipes & fittings, flow measurement, transportation of fluids – pumps, compressors and blowers; Heat transfer: Heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, boiling and condensation, steady & unsteady state heat transfer; other unit operations; size reduction, homogenization, filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation, sieving, mixing, extraction, crystallizations, evaporation, drying and extrusion. Types of equipment used in each unit operation, their selection, and applications in the food industry.

Food Quality & Standards

Food Quality: Food Quality Attributes – Classification of quality attributes and their role in food quality. Quality assessment of food materials – fruits and vegetables, cereals and pulses, dairy products, meat, poultry, egg, and processed food products, sensory evaluation of food quality, and methods of food adulteration and food safety.

Standards: FSSAI/PFA Act 1954 and Rules 1955-Scope; definitions & standards of quality, FPO and MPO – Rules, FSMS – 22000: 2005 – Various elements included in the standard, Introduction to the family of ISO 22000 standards, comparison of ISO 9001:2008 vs ISO 22000:2005, FSSAI, HACCP – Terminology, Principles, Identification of CCP’s, Application of HACCP System and the logic sequence involved.

Geoengineering and Geo-Informatics

Geo-Engineering: Continents. Earth composition. Earth - Orbit, Oceans - Depth, Bottom, Relief

Rocks: Kinds of rocks (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks origin and classification), Minerals (Silicate Minerals and Non-Silicate Minerals) & physical properties of minerals.

Surveying methods: Topographic surveying, Theodolite applications, topographic sheets, aerial photo formats. Maps: Types of photographs: vertical and oblique photographs. Aerial cameras: lens, optical axis, focal length, focal plane, and fiducial marks; Principal Point; Geometry of vertical photograph,s map projections, fundamentals of cartography.

Physical principles of remote sensing, electromagnetic spectrum

Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR): Velocity of EM radiation, Propagation of EM waves, Fundamentals of Radiometry: Measure Geometry-concept of the solid angle, radiometric quantities, classification of Remote sensor, selection of sensor parameters, spatial resolution, spectral resolution, radiometric resolution, Temporal resolution Optical and Infrared Microwave sensors Sun-synchronous and Geosynchronous satellites –Land coverage – Repetitivity – Along track and Across track stereovision capability. IRS, LANDSAT, SPOT, CANADA, JAPAN, EUROPEAN, Satellite series.

GIS concepts: Components of GIS – Hardware, Software, Data Files and Databases- Data Types Database structures – Hierarchical, Network, Relational Vector Data Structure - Vector Data Model – Arcs, Storing area–Data Base Creation – Digitizer, Topology – Euler Equation, Topological Consistency, Topological Errors, Digital Elevation Models, Data Transformation – Change in Dimensionality, Change in position – Rubber Sheeting, Tin Sheeting – Vector to Raster, Raster to Vector Conversion Vector data – Polygon overlay, polygon statistics, Network Analysis – Non-spatial data analysis – Structured Query Language. Modelling – Definition – Spatial Modelling – External Model, Conceptual Model, Logical Model, Internal Model – GIS applications in Resource Management, Data capture using GPS for GIS FM studies – Object Oriented Database Models. Recent trends in GIS and applications: Study of rainfall, estimation of run-off and evapotranspiration, water table. Environment - meaning, scope, components. Environments. Soil texture, strengths, porosity, and permeability.

Instrumentation Engineering

Basics of Circuits and Measurement Systems: Kirchhoff's laws, mesh and nodal Analysis. Circuit theorems. One-port and two-port Network Functions. Static and dynamic characteristics of Measurement Systems. Error and uncertainty analysis. Statistical analysis of data and curve fitting.

Transducers, Mechanical Measurement and Industrial Instrumentation: Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive, and piezoelectric transducers and their signal conditioning. Measurement of displacement, velocity, and acceleration (translational and rotational), force, torque, vibration, and shock. Measurement of pressure, flow, temperature, and liquid level. Measurement of pH, conductivity, viscosity, and humidity.

Analog Electronics: Characteristics of diode, BJT, JFET, and MOSFET. Diode circuits. Transistors at low and high frequencies, Amplifiers, single and multi-stage. Feedback amplifiers. Operational amplifiers, characteristics, and circuit configurations. Instrumentation amplifier. Precision rectifier. V-to-I and I-to-V converter. Op-Amp-based active filters. Oscillators and signal generators.

Digital Electronics: Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families, TTL, MOS, and CMOS. Arithmetic circuits. Comparators, Schmitt triggers, timers, and monostable multivibrators. Sequential circuits, flip-flops, counters, shift registers. Multiplexer, S/H circuit. Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog converters. Basics of the number system. Microprocessor applications, memory, and input-output interfacing. Microcontrollers.

Signals, Systems and Communications: Periodic and aperiodic signals. Impulse response, transfer function, and frequency response of first and second-order systems. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Convolution, correlation, and characteristics of linear time-invariant systems. Discrete-time system, impulse, and frequency response. Pulse transfer function. IIR and FIR filters. Amplitude and frequency modulation and demodulation. Sampling theorem, pulse code modulation. Frequency and time division multiplexing. Amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keyin, and pulse shift keying for digital modulation.

Mechanical Engineering

Applied Mechanics and Design

Engineering Mechanics: Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work; kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies in plane motion, including impulse and momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; impact.

Strength of Materials: Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohr's circle for plane stress and plane strain, thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams; bending and shear stresses; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts; Euler's theory of columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses.

Theory of Machines: Displacement, velocity, and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms; dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear trains; flywheels.

Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences

FluidMechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli's equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.

Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one-dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods.

Thermodynamics: Zeroth, First, and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system and processes; Carnot cycle. Irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion.

Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering

Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials, heat treatment, stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials.

Metal Casting: Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating design, design considerations.

Forming: Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes; load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing, bending) metal forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy.

Metallurgical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Rate Processes: Laws of thermodynamics, activity, equilibrium constant, applications to metallurgical systems, solutions, phase equilibria, Ellingham and phase stability diagrams, thermodynamics of surfaces, interfaces and defects, adsorption and segregation; basic kinetic laws, order of reactions, rate constants and rate-limiting steps; principles of electrochemistry- single electrode potential, electro-chemical cells and polarizations, aqueous corrosion and protection of metals, oxidation and high temperature corrosion - characterization and control; heat transfer - conduction, convection and heat transfer coefficient relations, radiation, mass transfer - diffusion and Fick's laws, mass transfer coefficients; momentum transfer - concepts of viscosity, shell balances, Bernoulli's equation, friction factors.

Extractive Metallurgy: Minerals of economic importance, comminution techniques, size classification, Flotation, gravity and other methods of mineral processing; agglomeration, pyro hydro- and electro-metallurgical processes; material and energy balances; principles and processes for the extraction of non-ferrous metals - aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, nickel, titanium and other rare metals; iron and steel making - principles, role structure and properties of slags, metallurgical coke, blast furnace, direct reduction processes, primary and secondary steelmaking, ladle metallurgy operations including deoxidation, desulphurization, sulphide shape control, inert gas rinsing and vacuum reactors; secondary refining processes including AOD, VAD, VOD, VAR and ESR; ingot and continuous casting; stainless steel making, furnaces and refractories.

Physical Metallurgy: Crystal structure and bonding characteristics of metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers, structure of surfaces and interfaces, nano-crystalline and amorphous structures; solid solutions; solidification; phase transformation and binary phase diagrams; principles of heat treatment of steels, cast iron and aluminium alloys; surface treatments; recovery, recrystallization and grain growth; industrially important ferrous and non-ferrous alloys; elements of X-ray and electron diffraction; principles of scanning and transmission electron microscopy; industrial ceramics, polymers and composites; electronic basis of thermal, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of materials; electronic and optoelectronic materials.

Nano Technology

Engineering Mechanics & Strength of Materials: Concurrent forces in a plane and its equilibrium; Centroids of composite plane figures; General case of forces in a plane, Moment of inertia of plane figures, Parallel axis theorem, Polar MI, Concept mass MI, Rectilinear translation, Kinematics, Principal of dynamics Motion of a particle under constant force, Force proportional to displacement and free vibrations (SHM); D’ ALEMBERT’s principle, Momentum, Impulse work and energy. Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, kinematics, Equation of motion of a rigid body about a fixed axis, Rotation under a constant moment, Torsional vibration, Simple stresses and strains, Stresses on an inclined plane, 2 - Dimensional stress systems, Principal stress and principal planes, Mohr’s circle. Shearing force and bending moment, Types of loads, Types of Supports, SF and BM diagrams for formula, and Bending stresses in the above types of beams with rectangular and circular sections. Torsion of circular shafts. Determination of shear stress.

Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer:

Classification of flows - Steady, Unsteady, Uniform, Non-uniform, Laminar, Turbulent, Rotational, Irrotational flows, Vorticity and circulation & conservation of mass & equation of continuity, Conservation of momentum-Euler’s equation, Conservation of energy - Bernoulli’s equation, and its applications. & dimensional Viscous flow. Couette flow- Plane Couette flow. Two-dimensional Viscous Flow; Navier-Stokes equations and solutions. Laminar Boundary Layer. Momentum integral equation & Flow over a flat plate-Displacement thickness, Momentum thickness, and energy thickness. Turbulent Boundary Layer, Laminar-Turbulent, Transition-momentum equations, and Reynolds’ stresses. Dimensional Analysis and Modeling Similitude. Fundamental and derived dimensions – Dimensionless groups – Buckingham Theorem – Rayleigh method, Elements of heat transmission, Steady state conduction, convection, and radiation. Furnaces. Classification of furnaces and their use in metallurgical industries. Heat utilization in furnaces, available heat, and factors affecting it. Heat losses in furnaces and furnace efficiency. Heat balance and Sankey diagrams. Principles of waste heat recovery. Recuperators and regenerators. Types and applicability. AMTD and LMTD in recuperators. Protective atmosphere and its applications: Salt bath furnaces.

Elements of Material Science:

Introduction, classification of materials, Space lattice and unit cells, crystal systems. Indices for planes and directions. Structures of common metallic materials. Crystal defects: point, Line, and surface defects. Dislocations, types, Burgers’ Vector, Dislocation movement by climb and cross slip. Dislocation sources, Dislocation point-defect interaction, and pileups. Plastic deformation of single crystals. Deformation by slip, CRSS for slip. Deformation of a single crystal. Deformation by twinning. Stacking faults, Hot working, Cold working, Recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. Hall-Petch equation. Tensile stress-strain diagrams, proof stress, yield stress, modulus of elasticity. Typical stress-strain diagrams for mild steel, cast iron, and aluminium alloy.

Metallurgical Thermodynamics

Introduction - Basic concepts in thermodynamics. Objectives and limitations of classical thermodynamics. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. First Law of Thermodynamics-Forms of Energy, Heat and Work, Joules Experiments, Conservation of Energy, Concept of Maximum Work, Isothermal Expansion, Reversible, Adiabatic Expansion, Constant Pressure Processes, Constant Volume Processes, Enthalpy. Second Law of Thermodynamics -Efficiency of cyclic process. Carnot cycle. Entropy. Thermodynamic equation of state. Statistical Entropy. Physical Meaning of Entropy, Boltzmann Equation, Mixing Entropy, Stirling’s Approximation, Auxiliary Functions. Fundamental Equations of State, Maxwell Relationships, Other Thermodynamic Relations, Chemical Potential, Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation, Criteria of Equilibria. Third Law of Thermodynamics, Heat Capacity and Entropy Changes. Sensible Heats, Transformation Heats, Reaction Heats, Adiabatic Flame Temperatures, Heat Balances. Phase Equilibria in One Component Systems, Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, Heats of Vaporization From Vapor Pressure Data, Shift in Transformation, Temperature with Pressure, Fugacity, activity, and equilibrium constant. Vant Hoff’s isotherm. Ellingham diagrams and application.

Advanced Material Science:

Electrical and Electronic properties of materials, Electronic conductivity, free electron theory, and band theory of solids. Intrinsic semiconductors. Superconductivity. Magnetic properties, Dia, para, ferro, ferri magnetism. Soft and hard magnetic materials and applications. Optical properties of materials. Refractive index, absorption, emission of light, optical fibres. Optoelectronic materials. Polymerisation, cross-linking, glass transition, classification of polymers. Mechanical properties, dielectric behaviour of materials. Uses of polymers. Ceramics and glasses, crystalline and non-crystalline ceramics. Structure of ceramics and glasses. Major mechanical and optical properties. Composite materials. Classification. Matrices and reinforcements. Fabrication methods. Examples and applications. Nano Materials: Importance, Emergence of Nano-Technology, Bottom-Up and Top-down approaches, challenges in Nano-Technology. Applications.

Pharmacy

Pharmacognosy& Phytochemistry: Sources of crude drugs of natural origin and their classification; Factors affecting the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, plant growth regulators; Adulteration and types of adulterants; Methods of evaluation of crude drugs; Definition, classification, properties, general method of extraction, chemistry, tests for detection of following classes of phytoconstituents- Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids (volatile oils, resin and resin combinations), Tannins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Enzymes. Pharmacognostic aspects of crude drugs containing the aforesaid classes of phytoconstituents covering their biological source, diagnostic features, chemical constituents, tests for identification, uses, adulterants, substituents and allied drugs (if any); Study of fibres used in pharmacy- Cotton, Silk, Wool, Nylon, Polyesters, Glasswool and Asbestos. Plant tissue culture: Types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth, and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Introduction to drug design. Stereochemistry of drug molecules. Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR, and metabolism of the following category of drugs, which are official in the Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia. Hypnotics and Sedatives, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Anticonvulsants, Local Anaesthetics; Cardiovascular drugs-Antianginal agents, Vasodilators, Adrenergic and Cholinergic drugs, Cardiotonic agents, Diuretics, Antihypertensive drugs, Antilipedmic agents; Antihistaminics; Analgesics; NSAIDS; Hypoglycemic agents; Anticoagulants; Antiplatelet agents. Chemotherapeutic agents: Antibiotics, Antibacterials, Antifungal, Antiviral, Antimalarial, Anticancer, and Antiamoebic drugs.

Inorganic pharmaceuticals: Gastrointestinal agents; Electrolytes; Haematinics; Topical agents; Dental products; limit tests for Arsenic, Iron, Lead, Barium, Chloride and Sulphate.

Pharmaceutics

Physical pharmacy: Matter and properties of matter; Micromeretics and powder rheology; Surface and interfacial phenomenon; Viscosity and rheology; Dispersion systems; Complexation; Kinetics and drug Stability.

Pharmaceutical Technology: Preformulation studies; Pharmaceutical calculations; Formulation, development, packaging and evaluation of: liquid dosage forms, semisolid dosage forms, tablets, capsules, microencapsulation, aerosols, parenteral products, ophthalmic preparations, suppositories, blood products and plasma substitutes and surgical products; Cosmetic preparations: Skin, Hair, Nails, Lips, Eye, Baby care products and Dentifrices.

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics: Passage of drugs across biological barrier; Factors influencing absorption- biological, physico-chemical, physiological and pharmaceutical; Basic principles of Pharmacokinetics; Compartment kinetics- One compartment model concerning Intravascular and oral drug administration; Concept of clearance; Non-linear pharmacokinetics concerning one compartment model after I.V. drug administration; Bioavailability and bioequivalence.

Pharmacology: General pharmacological principles including Toxicology; Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central nervous system, Cardiovascular system (including diuretics), Autonomic nervous system, Gastrointestinal system, and Respiratory system; Pharmacology of Autacoids: Histamine, Antihistaminic drugs. 5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leucotrienes. Steroidal and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Pharmacology of Endocrine system: Thyroid hormones and Antithyroid drugs; Insulin; Oral hypoglycemics; Estrogens; Progesterone and Oral contraceptives; Androgens and Anabolic steroids; Chemotherapeutic agents; Bioassays, Immuno Pharmacology. Drugs acting on the Blood and blood-forming organs.