MP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2027: Unit-Wise Topics Explained

Unit

Chapter-wise Topics

Unit 1 – Reproduction

Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Structure of flower

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

• Development of male gametophyte

• Development of female gametophyte

• Microsporogenesis

• Megasporogenesis

• Pollination

• Agents of pollination

• Outbreeding devices

• Pollen-pistil interaction

• Fertilisation

• Double fertilisation

• Post-fertilisation events

• Development of endosperm

• Embryo development

• Seed development

• Fruit development

• Apomixis

• Parthenocarpy

• Polyembryony

Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

• Male reproductive system

• Female reproductive system

• Gametogenesis

• Spermatogenesis

• Oogenesis

• Menstrual cycle

• Fertilisation

• Implantation

• Pregnancy

• Embryonic development

• Parturition

• Lactation

Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

• Reproductive health

• Problems and strategies related to reproductive health

• Population explosion

• Birth control

• Contraceptive methods

• Medical termination of pregnancy

• Sexually transmitted infections

• Infertility

• Assisted reproductive technologies

Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian inheritance

• Laws of inheritance

• Monohybrid cross

• Dihybrid cross

• Deviations from Mendelian ratios

• Incomplete dominance

• Codominance

• Multiple alleles

• Blood groups

• Pleiotropy

• Chromosomal theory of inheritance

• Linkage

• Crossing over

• Sex determination

• Sex-linked inheritance

• Genetic disorders

• Chromosomal disorders

Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• DNA and RNA

• Genetic material

• Structure of DNA

• DNA packaging

• DNA replication

• Transcription

• Genetic code

• Translation

• Regulation of gene expression

• Lac operon

• Genome-related concepts

• Human Genome Project

• DNA fingerprinting

Chapter 6: Evolution

• Origin of life

• Theories of evolution

• Evidence for evolution

• Darwin's theory of evolution

• Natural selection

• Mechanism of evolution

• Adaptive radiation

• Biological evolution

• Human evolution

Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease

• Health and disease

• Pathogens

• Common diseases

• Bacterial diseases

• Viral diseases

• Protozoan diseases

• Helminthic diseases

• Immune system

• Innate immunity

• Acquired immunity

• Antibodies

• Vaccination

• AIDS

• Cancer

• Allergies

• Drugs and alcohol abuse

Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in household products

• Microbes in industrial products

• Microbes in sewage treatment

• Microbes in energy generation

• Biocontrol agents

• Biofertilisers

• Applications of microorganisms

Unit 4 – Biotechnology

Chapter 9: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

• Principles of biotechnology

• Genetic engineering

• Recombinant DNA technology

• Tools of recombinant DNA technology

• Restriction enzymes

• Cloning vectors

• Competent host

• Transformation

• Isolation of DNA

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• Insertion of recombinant DNA

• Selection of transformed cells

• Production of recombinant products

Chapter 10: Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Applications of biotechnology in agriculture

• Genetically modified organisms

• Genetically modified crops

• Biotechnology in medicine

• Insulin production

• Gene therapy

• Molecular diagnosis

• Vaccines

• Transgenic animals

• Biosafety

• Ethical issues related to biotechnology

Unit 5 – Ecology

Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations

• Organisms and their environment

• Ecological factors

• Responses to environmental conditions

• Adaptations

• Population

• Population attributes

• Population growth

• Interactions between organisms

• Population regulation

Chapter 12: Ecosystem

• Ecosystem structure

• Components of an ecosystem

• Productivity

• Decomposition

• Energy flow

• Food chains

• Food webs

• Ecological pyramids

• Nutrient cycling

Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity

• Levels of biodiversity

• Patterns of biodiversity

• Importance of biodiversity

• Loss of biodiversity

• Causes of biodiversity loss

• Biodiversity conservation

• In-situ conservation

• Ex-situ conservation

• Biodiversity hotspots

Practical Area

Topics/Experiments Covered

Study of Flowers

Identification of floral parts and reproductive structures.

Pollen Germination

Study of pollen germination on a suitable medium and observation of pollen tubes.

Pollen Grains

• Study of pollen grains using permanent slides or suitable specimens

• Observation of the structure and characteristics of pollen grains

Plant Reproductive Structures

Study of structures related to sexual reproduction in flowering plants through specimens, slides, charts or models.

Mitosis and Meiosis

Study of different stages of cell division using permanent slides and identification of stages of mitosis and meiosis.

Genetics

Study of Mendelian inheritance and genetic traits using suitable examples, charts or models.

DNA/RNA-related Studies

Study of DNA structure, genetic material and related molecular biology concepts using charts, models or prepared material.

Human Reproductive System

Study of male and female reproductive systems using charts, models or specimens.

Human Health and Disease

Identification and study of common pathogens, disease-causing organisms and related biological specimens/charts.

Microorganisms

Study of useful microorganisms and their applications in household, industrial, agricultural and environmental processes.

Biotechnology

Study of important tools, techniques and applications of biotechnology using charts, models or laboratory material.

Ecological Studies

Study of ecological components, organisms, populations and environmental factors through specimens, charts or field-based observations.

Biodiversity

Identification and study of common plants, animals and other organisms representing biodiversity and conservation.

Biological Specimens

Identification and description of prescribed biological specimens, slides, models, charts and permanent preparations.

Practical Record

Maintenance and presentation of the practical record/notebook containing prescribed experiments and observations.

Viva-Voce

Oral questions based on practical experiments, specimens, diagrams, observations, laboratory techniques and related Class 12 Biology concepts.

Particulars

Details

Marks Allotted to Theory Paper

70

Marks Allotted to Practicals

30

Total Marks

100

Duration of Theory Exam

3 hours

Total Number of Questions

43 questions

Number of Objective Questions

28 questions carrying 1 mark each (28 marks)

Number of 2-Mark Questions

7 questions (7 × 2 = 14 marks)

Number of 3-Mark Questions

4 questions (4 × 3 = 12 marks)

Number of 4-Mark Questions

4 questions (4 × 4 = 16 marks)

Negative Marking

No

Question Numbers

Question Type

Number of Questions

Marks per Question

Total Marks

1–5

Objective questions

28

• 6 multiple-choice questions
• 6 fill-in-the-blanks
• 6 true/false questions
• 5 matching questions
• 5 one-sentence-answer questions

1

28

6–12

Very Short Answer

7

2

14

13–16

Short Answer

4

3

12

17–20

Long Answer

4

4

16

Total

—

43

—

70

Unit

Chapters

Marks

Unit 1 – Reproduction

Chapters 1–3

16

Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution

Chapters 4–6

16

Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare

Chapters 7–8

14

Unit 4 – Biotechnology

Chapters 9–10

12

Unit 5 – Ecology

Chapters 11–13

12

Total

13 Chapters

70