CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 (New): Subject-Wise Syllabus, Chapter-Wise Weightage, Deleted Topics

Unit Numbers

Name of the Units

Chapters

Topics

Unit-1

Electrostatics

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charges, Conservation of Charge, Coulomb’s Law, Forces between Multiple Charges, Superposition Principle and Continuous Charge Distribution, Electric Field, Electric Field due to a Point Charge, Electric Field Lines, Electric Dipole, Electric Field due to a Dipole, Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Field, Electric Flux, Statement of Gauss’s Theorem, Applications of Gauss’s Theorem, Uniformly Charged infinite Plane Sheet, Uniformly Charged thin Spherical Shell

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric Potential, Potential Difference, Electric Potential due to a Point Charge, a Dipole, and a System of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces, Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two-Point Charges and Electric Dipole in Electrostatic Field, Conductors and Insulators, Free Charges and Bound Charges inside a Conductor, Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation, Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination of Capacitors in Series and Parallel, The Capacitance of a Parallel Plate, Capacitor with and without Dielectric Medium, Energy Stored in a Capacitor (Formula only)

Unit-2

Current Electricity

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

Electric Current, Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor, Drift Velocity, Mobility and their Relation with Electric Current, Ohm’s Law, V-I Characteristics (Linear and Nonlinear), Electrical Energy and Power, Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity, Temperature Dependence of Resistance, Internal Resistance of a Cell, Potential Difference and EMF of a Cell, Combination of Cells in Series and Parallel, Kirchhoff's Rules, Wheatstone Bridge

Unit-3

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Concept of Magnetic Field, Oersted’s Experiment, Biot-Savart Law and its Applications, Ampere’s Law and its Applications, Straight Solenoid, Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields, Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in Uniform Magnetic Field, Force between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors, Definition of Ampere, Torque Experienced by a Current Loop in Uniform Magnetic Field, Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and its Magnetic Dipole Moment, Moving Coil Galvanometer and its Sensitivity, Conversion of Galvanometer to Ammeter and Voltmeter

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

Bar Magnet, Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid (Qualitative Treatment), Magnetic Field Intensity due to Magnetic Dipole along its axis and perpendicular to the axis, Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in Uniform Magnetic Field, Magnetic Field Lines, Magnetic Properties of Materials (Para, Dia, and Ferro), Magnetic Substances with Examples, Magnetization of Materials, Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Properties

Unit-4

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction, Faraday’s Law, Induced EMF and Current, Lenz’s Law, Self and Mutual Induction

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

Alternating Current, Peak and RMS Value of Alternating Current, Reactance and Impedance, LCR Series Circuit (Phasors Only), Resonance, Power in AC Circuit, Power Factor, Wattless Current, AC Generator, Transformer

Unit-5

Electromagnetic Waves

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Basic Idea of Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Waves and their Characteristics, Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum and their Uses

Unit-6

Optics

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection of Light, Spherical Mirrors, Mirror Formula, Refraction of Light, Total Internal Reflection and Optical Fibres, Refraction at Spherical Surfaces, Lenses, Thin Lens Formula, Lens Maker’s Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact, Refraction of Light through Prism, Microscopes and Astronomical Telescopes, Magnifying Powers of These Telescopes

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

Wave Front and Huygens Principle, Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at a Plane Surface using Wave Fronts, Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction using Huygens Principle, Interference, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Expression of Fringe Width, Coherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light, Diffraction due to a Single Slit, Width of Central Maxima

Unit-7

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual Nature of Radiation, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz and Lenard’s Observations, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation – Particle Nature of Light, Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Matter Waves- Wave Nature of Particles, De-Broglie Relation

Unit-8

Atoms and Nuclei

Chapter 12: Atoms

Alpha-Particle Scattering Experiment, Rutherford’s Model of Atom, Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom, Expression for Radius of nth Possible Orbit, Velocity and Energy of Electron in nth Orbit, Hydrogen Line Spectra

Chapter 13: Nuclei

Composition and Size of Nucleus, Nuclear Force, Mass-Energy Relation, Mass Defect, Binding Energy per Nucleon and its Variation with Mass Number, Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusion

Unit-9

Electronic Devices

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors – p and n-type, p-n junction, Semiconductor Diode – I-V Characteristics in Forward and Reverse Bias, Application of Junction of Diode, Diode as a Rectifier

Section A

Activities

Section B

Activities

Determine the resistivity of 2 or 3 wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.

To find the resistance of a given wire or standard resistor using a metre bridge.

To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge. OR To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.

To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by the half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.

To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of the desired range and to verify the same. OR To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of the desired range and to verify the same.

To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.

To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.

To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.

To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.

To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

To find the value of v for different values of u in the case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.

To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.

To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.

To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.

To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.

To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

To find the refractive index of a liquid using a convex lens and plane mirror.

To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.

To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

Use a multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.

To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.

To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, or (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).

To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses

Chapters

Important Topics

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Coulomb’s Law, Dipole, Gauss’s Theorem

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Potential Energy of System of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces, Capacitors and Capacitance

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

Drift Velocity, Resistivity (Temperature relation), Cell Combination, Kirchhoff's Rules, Wheatstone Bridge

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Biot-Savart Law and Applications, Force between Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors, Galvanometer, Torque on Current Loop

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

Magnetic Properties – Para, Dia, Ferro

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Law, Induced EMF and Current, Lenz’s Law

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

LCR Series Circuit (Phasors only), Average Power, Transformer

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement Current, Properties of EM Waves

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces, Lens Maker’s Formula, Total Internal Reflection, Optical Fibres

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

Reflection and Refraction using Wavefronts, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Interference, Diffraction

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

All Graphs, Work Function/Threshold Frequency, Matter Waves

Chapter 12: Atoms

Alpha Particle Scattering, Bohr Model, Hydrogen Line Spectra, Rutherford’s Model

Chapter 13: Nuclei

Binding Energy, Nuclear Force, Nuclear Energy, Size of Nucleus

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors, p-n Junction, Diode as Rectifier

Unit No.

Unit Name

Chapters Covered

Allotted Marks

Unit 1

Electrostatics

Electric Charges and Fields, Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

16

Unit 2

Current Electricity

Current Electricity

Unit 3

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Moving Charges and Magnetism, Magnetism and Matter

17

Unit 4

Electromagnetic Induction and AC

Electromagnetic Induction, Alternating Current

Unit 5

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Waves

18

Unit 6

Optics

Ray Optics, Wave Optics

Unit 7

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

12

Unit 8

Atoms and Nuclei

Atoms, Nuclei

Unit 9

Electronic Devices

Semiconductor Electronics

07

Total

–

–

70 Marks

Chapter

Deleted Topics

Electric Charges and Fields

Charging by Induction

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Van de Graaff Generator

Current Electricity

Combination of Resistors (Series and Parallel), Meter Bridge, Potentiometer

Moving Charges and Magnetism

Velocity Selector, Cyclotron, Toroid, Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Field

Magnetism and Matter

Earth’s Magnetism, Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets

Electromagnetic Induction

Energy Consideration, Eddy Currents

Alternating Current

LC Oscillations

Electromagnetic Waves

Nature of Electromagnetic Waves (Ether Theory)

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Refraction (Advanced Sunrise, Mirage, Rainbow, Diamond), Scattering of Light

Wave Optics

Interference (Derivation), Fringe Width, Resolving Power, Validity of Ray Optics, Polarisation

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Davisson and Germer Experiment

Nuclei

Radioactivity

Semiconductor Electronics

Special Purpose p-n Diodes, Junction Transistors, Logic Gates, Integrated Circuits

Section

Details

Section A: Reading Skills

Unseen passage – factual/descriptive/literary

Case-based passage – factual with visual/verbal inputs (charts, stats, etc.)

Word Limit: 600–750 (Combined)

Question Type: MCQs/Objectives

Section B: Writing Skills

Grammar (7 Marks)

• Gap filling (Tenses, Clauses)
• Sentence reordering/transformation (7 out of 8 to be done)

Creative Writing (16 Marks)

• Classified Advertisements (50 words) – 1 out of 2 (3 Marks)
• Poster (50 words) – 1 out of 2 (3 Marks)
• Speech (120–150 words) based on cues – 1 out of 2 (5 Marks)
• Debate (120–150 words) based on cues – 1 out of 2 (5 Marks)

Section C: Literature

Books: Hornbill & Snapshots

• One Poetry extract from Hornbill – 3 Marks
• One Prose extract from Hornbill – 3 Marks
• One Prose extract from Snapshots – 4 Marks
• Two Short Answer Questions (Hornbill: Prose & Poetry) – 6

Section

Marks

Expected Weightage

Section A: Reading Skills

22 Marks

22%

Section B: Creative Writing Skills

18 Marks

18%

Section C: Literature (Hornbill & Snapshots)

40 Marks

40%

Total

80 Marks

100%

Units

Chapters/Topics

Unit 1: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in

liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure,

elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular

masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.

Unit 2: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to

chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic

solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's

Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration,

temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant,

integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision

theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit 4: d -and f -Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals,

general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy,

oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds,

alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid

contraction and its consequences. Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

Unit 5: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties

and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's

theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in

qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary

alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration,

uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of

phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, etc.

Unit 7: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary

alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration,

uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of

phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit 8: Aldehydes, Ketobes and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical

and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in

aldehydes, uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical

properties; uses.

Unit 9: Amines

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical

properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit 10: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L

configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,

glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.

Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.

Vitamins - Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Section

Experiments/Activities

Surface Chemistry

- Prepare one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol (e.g., starch, egg albumin, gum, ferric hydroxide)

- Dialysis of the sol

- Role of emulsifiers in stabilizing emulsions

Chemical Kinetics

- Effect of concentration and temperature on rate of reaction

- Study of reaction rates:

(i) Iodide + H₂O₂

(ii) KIO₃ + Na₂SO₃ (clock reaction)

Thermochemistry

Any one of the following:

- Enthalpy of dissolution (CuSO₄ or KNO₃)

- Enthalpy of neutralization (HCl + NaOH)

- Enthalpy change during hydrogen bonding (acetone + chloroform)

Electrochemistry

Variation in Zn/Zn²⁺

Chromatography

- Separation of pigments by paper chromatography

- Separation of inorganic ions (2 cations with different Rf values)

Inorganic Compound Preparation

- Prepare Potash Alum or Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate

- Prepare Potassium Ferric Oxalate

Organic Compound Preparation

Any one of the following:

Acetanilide, Di-benzalacetone, p-Nitroacetanilide, Aniline Yellow, or 2-Naphthol Aniline Dye

Functional Group Tests

Unsaturation, Alcoholic, Phenolic, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic, and Amino (Primary) Groups

Food Tests

Detection of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins in pure samples and food items

Titration

Determine molarity of KMnO₄ using standard oxalic acid or ferrous ammonium sulphate

Salt Analysis

Identify one cation and one anion in a given salt sample

Chapter

Important Topics

Solutions

Mole Fraction, Molality vs Molarity, Henry’s Law, Raoult’s Law, Colligative Properties

Electrochemistry

Nernst Equation, Conductivity, Kohlrausch's Law, Faraday’s Laws, Corrosion, Batteries

Chemical Kinetics

Order, Molecularity, Arrhenius Equation, First Order Numerical

d- and f-Block Elements

Properties of d-block, Lanthanoid Contraction, Transition Elements, Zn, Cd, Hg

Coordination Compounds

Theories – Werner, VBT, CFT; Nomenclature, Isomerism

Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

SN1 and SN2, β-Elimination, Naming Reactions

Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

Hydration, Dehydration Mechanisms, Kolbe’s, Reimer-Tiemann, Acidic/Oxidation Properties

Aldehydes, Ketones & Acids

Aldol, Cannizzaro, Cross Aldol, HVZ Reaction, Acidity

Amines

Basic Strength, Hoffmann Degradation, Diazonium Salts

Biomolecules

Properties of Glucose, Protein Denaturation, DNA/RNA, Types of Proteins

Chapter

No. of Periods

Marks

Solutions

10

7

Electrochemistry

12

9

Chemical Kinetics

10

7

d- and f-Block Elements

12

7

Coordination Compounds

12

7

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

10

6

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

10

6

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

10

8

Amines

10

6

Biomolecules

12

7

Total

–

70 Marks

Part

Deleted Chapters/Topics

Organic Chemistry

The Solid State, Surface Chemistry, General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, The p-Block Elements

Inorganic Chemistry

Polymers, Chemistry in Everyday Life

Units

Part

Topics

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

Sets

Sets and their representations, Empty set, Finite and Infinite sets, Equal Sets, Subsets, Subsets of a set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and Intersection of Sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of Complement.

Relations & Functions

Ordered pairs. Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R).Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special type of relation. Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.

Trigonometric Functions

Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of trigonometric functions and their graphs. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple applications.

Unit-II: Algebra

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Need for complex numbers, especially√−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of the

quadratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers. Argand plane.

Linear Inequalities

Historical perspective, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices, Pascal's Triangle, simple applications.

Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and combinations, derivation of Formulae for nPr and nCr and their connections, simple applications.

Binomial Theorem

Historical perspective, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal’s triangle, simple applications.

Sequence and Series

Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M.

Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry

Straight Lines

Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Slope of a line and angle between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point -slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form, Distance of a point from a line.

Conic Sections

Sections of a cone: circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Standard equation of a circle.

Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry

Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance between two points.

Unit-IV: Calculus

Calculus

Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically. Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions.

Unit-V: Statistics and Probability

Statistics

Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data.

Probability

Events; occurrence of events, ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability, connections with other theories of earlier classes. Probability of an event, probability of ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events.

Units

Marks

Relations and Functions

08

Algebra

10

Calculus

35

Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

14

Linear Programming

05

Probability

08

Total

80

Chapters

Deleted Topics

Relations and Functions

Composite functions, Inverse of a function

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions

Matrices

Concept of elementary row and column operations

Determinants

Properties of determinants

Continuity and Differentiability

Derivative of composite function, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof), and their geometric interpretation

Applications of Derivatives

Tangents and Normals, Use of derivatives in approximation

Integrals

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum

Applications of Integrals

Area between any one of the two curves

Vectors

Scalar triple product of vectors

Three Dimensional Geometry

Coplanar lines, Cartesian and vector equation of a plane, Angle between two lines, two planes, a line and a plane, Distance of a point from a plane

Linear Programming

Types of linear programming problems, Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems

Probability

Variance of random variable

Unit

Chapter

Topics Covered

VI. Reproduction

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure, gametophyte development, pollination, outbreeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post-fertilization events, apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, seed dispersal, fruit formation

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, blastocyst formation, implantation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Reproductive health, STDs, birth control methods, MTP, infertility, IVF, ZIFT, GIFT

VII. Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendelian inheritance, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, sex determination, linkage, crossing over, sex-linked inheritance, Mendelian and chromosomal disorders

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Genetic material, DNA/RNA structure, replication, central dogma, transcription, translation, gene expression, lac operon, Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting

Chapter 7: Evolution

Origin of life, evolution evidence, Darwin’s theory, variation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, human evolution

VIII. Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens, human diseases and control, immunology basics, vaccines, cancer, AIDS, drug and alcohol abuse

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Role of microbes in food, industry, sewage, energy, bio-control agents, bio-fertilizers, antibiotics

IX. Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter 11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnology in health and agriculture, GMOs, BT crops, stem cells, gene therapy, biosafety, biopiracy

X. Ecology and Environment

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

Population interactions, growth patterns, age distribution

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

Ecosystem structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity concept, loss, conservation, hotspots, endangered species, national parks, sanctuaries

Section

Details

List of Experiments

- Pollen germination (temporary mount)

- Study population density and frequency (quadrat method)

- Mitosis in onion root tip

- DNA isolation from plant material

Spotting/Observation

- Pollination adaptations

- Pollen germination on stigma

- Gamete development (testis and ovary)

- Meiosis slides

- T.S. of blastula

- Mendelian inheritance (seeds)

- Pedigree charts

- Controlled pollination

- Disease-causing organisms

- Symbolic associations (e.g., lichens, nodules)

- Homologous and analogous organs

Additional Practicals

- Morphological adaptations in xerophytes

- Mendelian traits (e.g., tongue rolling)

- Controlled pollination demo

- Adaptations in desert and aquatic organisms (models/images)

Unit No.

Unit Name

Marks

VI

Reproduction

16

VII

Genetics and Evolution

20

VIII

Biology and Human Welfare

12

IX

Biotechnology and its Applications

12

X

Ecology and Environment

10

Total

70

Unit

Chapter

Deleted Topics

Reproduction

Chapter 1 – Reproduction in Organisms

Whole chapter deleted

Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 9 – Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Whole chapter deleted

Ecology and Environment

Chapter 13 – Organisms and Populations

Organism and its Environment, Abiotic factors, Adaptations

Chapter 14 – Ecosystem

Ecological Succession, Nutrient Cycles