CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027 for Science, Commerce, and Humanities streams indicates that the total marks per subject is 100, with theory papers ranging from 70–80 marks and practical/internal assessment components of 20–30 marks. The marks allotted to theory papers and practical/internal assessment will vary depending on the subject. Competency-based questions, including MCQs, case-based, and source-based items, account for 50% of the theory paper. Mathematics, Commerce, and Humanities subjects have an 80-mark theory component and 20 marks for practical, project or internal assessment. In contrast, science subjects such as Physics, Chemistry and Biology generally carry 70 marks in theory and 30 marks in practical assessment.

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Table of Contents

CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027 Highlights
Subject-wise CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027
CBSE Class 12 Marking Scheme 2027
CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027 FAQs

CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027 Highlights

CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027 retains the core structure introduced in recent years while prioritizing application, conceptual understanding, interpretation, analysis and competency-based assessment. The paper will have a mix of MCQs, case-based questions, and long- and short-answer questions. Each paper will carry 100 marks (theory + practical). The CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027 covers core subjects including Languages, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Accountancy, Economics, Business Studies, and Computer Science, following the NCERT curriculum for theory, practicals, and project work.

The board will now focus more on competency-based questions. Roughly half of every theory paper now has competency-based questions such as case studies, source-based questions, and multiple-choice questions.
Constructed response questions will be reduced compared to older papers. The remaining marks are split between short-answer and long-answer questions.
There is no negative marking for Objective and MCQ-style questions.
Students are allowed to choose only one additional subject among new-age skill electives, including Land Transportation Associate, Electronics and Hardware, Physical Activity Trainer, and Design Thinking and Innovation.
The marks allotted for theory and practical papers vary significantly by subject. For example, Mathematics has 80 theory marks and 20 internal assessment marks, whereas Physics has 70 theory marks and 30 practical marks.

Check out the table below for the major highlights of the CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027:

Particular

Details

Mode of Exam

Offline / Pen-and-paper-based theory exam
Practicals/internal assessment conducted by the respective schools

Subjects

Science, Commerce, Arts, Vocational

Exam Pattern

50% MCQs, case/source-based
20% select-response MCQs
30% short/long answers

Theory Paper Duration

Generally 3 hours

Theory Marks

Usually 70 or 80 marks, depending on the subject

Practical/Internal/Project

Usually 20 or 30 marks

Total Marks per Subject

100 marks per subject (theory + practical/internal assessment)

Question Types

MCQs/objective questions, short-answer, long-answer, case/source-based and application-based questions, depending on the subject

Practical Subjects

Science subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
Mathematics
English
Accountancy
History
Political Science

Theory Paper Weightage

70 marks for Science subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and 80 marks for Mathematics, Commerce, and Humanities subjects

Passing Criteria

Minimum 33% in theory and 33% in practical/internal assessment, evaluated separately.

Subject-wise CBSE Class 12 Exam Pattern 2027

Subject-wise CBSE Class 12 exam pattern 2027 includes the exam structure for each subject, including the theory and practical components, question types, marks distribution, duration, and assessment scheme. Students can check the detailed exam pattern for subjects such as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, etc., to understand the weightage of different sections and prepare accordingly. The subject-wise CBSE Class 12 exam pattern 2027 is given below for the major Science, Commerce, and Humanities subjects along with the marks allotted to them.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Exam Pattern 2027

Mathematics does not have a practical component but carries an internal assessment including project work, activities, and periodic tests. Calculus carries the highest weightage in the Mathematics paper with 35 marks, followed by Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry with 14 marks. The CBSE Class 12 Maths Exam Pattern 2027 consists of an 80-mark theory paper and 20 marks for internal assessment.

Units

High-Weightage Topics

Marks Allotted

Relations and Functions

Relations, functions, inverse trigonometric functions

Algebra

Matrices, determinants, and their properties

Calculus

Continuity and differentiability, applications of derivatives, integrals, applications of integrals, differential equations

Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

Vectors, direction cosines, lines and planes, shortest distance

Linear Programming

Linear programming problems and graphical solutions

Probability

Conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, random variables

Total Theory

Internal Assessment

Project work, periodic tests, activities

CBSE Class 12 Physics Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 Physics Exam Pattern 2027 carries 70 marks for theory and 30 marks for practical work. The official curriculum combines several chapters into broader units for marks distribution. The highest allocation is 18 marks for Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents, Electromagnetic Waves and Optics, followed by 17 marks for Current Electricity and Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism.

Units

High-weightage topics

Marks Allotted

Electrostatics + Current Electricity

Gauss's law, capacitors, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge

Magnetic Effects of Current & Electromagnetic Induction/AC

Biot-Savart law, Ampere's circuital law, Faraday's and Lenz's laws, AC circuits

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents + Electromagnetic Waves + Optics

EMI, AC, electromagnetic waves, ray optics, wave optics

Dual Nature + Atoms and Nuclei

Photoelectric effect, atoms, nuclei, Bohr model, semiconductors and logic gates

Electronic Devices

Semiconductor materials, devices and simple circuits

Theory Total

Practical + Viva + Record

Experiments, investigatory project, and viva

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Exam Pattern 2027 indicates that the paper is divided into Physical, Organic, and Inorganic sections spread across nine to ten units. 70 marks are allotted for theory and 30 marks for practical assessment. Electrochemistry has the highest individual unit weightage of 9 marks, while Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids carry 8 marks.

Units

High-weightage topics

Marks Allotted

Solutions

Concentration, solubility, colligative properties, Raoult's law

Electrochemistry

Electrochemical cells, Nernst equation, conductance, electrolytic and galvanic cells

Chemical Kinetics

Rate law, integrated rate equations, temperature dependence, order and molecularity

d- and f-Block Elements

Electronic configuration, transition elements, lanthanoids and actinoids

Coordination Compounds

Werner's theory, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism and bonding

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Preparation, properties and chemical reactions, Nucleophilic substitution, SN1 and SN2 mechanisms

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Classification, preparation and reactions

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Carbonyl compounds, preparation and reactions, Nucleophilic addition, oxidation and reduction reactions

Amines

Classification, preparation, reactions and diazonium salts

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids

Theory Total

Practical

Laboratory experiments, Volumetric analysis, salt analysis, content-based experiments, project, record, and viva

CBSE Class 12 Biology Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 Biology Exam Pattern 2027 consists of 70 theory marks and 30 practical marks. Genetics and Evolution carries the highest weightage with 20 marks, followed by Reproduction, which carries 16 marks.

Units

High-weightage topics

Marks allotted

Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants, human reproduction, reproductive health

Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance, molecular basis of inheritance, evolution

Biology and Human Welfare

Human health and diseases, microbes in human welfare

Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnology principles, Genetic engineering, applications in health and agriculture

Ecology and Environment

Organisms and populations, ecosystem, biodiversity and conservation

Theory Total

Practical

Experiments, project, record, viva, spotting, experiments, slide preparation

CBSE Class 12 English Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 English Exam Pattern 2027 for English Core is divided into Reading Skills, Creative Writing Skills, and Literature Textbook and Supplementary Reading Text. The literature section has the highest weightage, so students should prepare themes, characters, literary devices, important incidents, and analytical interpretations thoroughly. Reading comprehension and writing skills together constitute nearly half the paper. The theory paper carries 80 marks, while Listening and Speaking Skills and Project Work together account for 20 marks.

Units

High-weightage topics

Marks Allotted

Reading Skills

Unseen factual/descriptive/literary passage and case-based factual passage

Creative Writing Skills

Notice, invitation/reply, letter, article/report, formal letters, article/report writing, grammar-in-context

Literature Textbook and Supplementary Reading Text

Flamingo and Vistas extracts, short answers and long answers, Prose and poetry analysis, extract-based questions

Theory Total

Internal Assessment

Listening/speaking activities, project work, assessment of a novel

CBSE Class 12 History Exam Pattern 2027

History for CBSE Class 12 Exam 2027 is divided into three broad sections: ancient, medieval, and modern Indian history. CBSE Class 12 History Exam Pattern 2027 allocates 25 marks each to Themes in Indian History Part I, Part II, and Part III, with another 5 marks for map work. The modern India section carries the heaviest weightage, largely because it includes the colonial period, nationalist movement, and post-independence themes. The project carries 20 marks.

Units

High-Weightage Topics

Marks Allotted

Themes in Indian History Part I

Harappan Civilisation, early states and economies, caste/class, Bricks, beads, and bones; Mahajanapadas

Themes in Indian History Part II

Travellers' accounts, Bhakti-Sufi traditions, Vijayanagara, Mughal agrarian society

Themes in Indian History Part III

Colonialism and countryside, Revolt of 1857, Gandhi and national movement, Constitution

Map Work

Locations associated with prescribed themes

Theory Total

Project Work

Historical research/project

CBSE Class 12 Political Science Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 Political Science Exam Pattern 2027 contains two equally weighted parts: Contemporary World Politics and Politics in India Since Independence. Each part carries 40 marks. Within Part A, most chapters carry 6 marks, while Globalisation carries 4 marks. In Part B, Recent Developments in Indian Politics has the highest chapter-level allocation of 8 marks. The unit-wise breakdown of the 80-mark Political Science theory paper is provided below.

Unit

High-Weightage Topics

Marks Allotted

Cold War Era and Contemporary Centres of Power

Bipolarity, alternative power centres, European Union, ASEAN

Contemporary South Asia and International Organisations

India's neighbourhood, UN and its reform, globalisation

Nation-Building and Era of One-Party Dominance

Challenges of nation-building, Congress system, planning debates

Politics of Planned Development, Regional Aspirations, Recent Developments

Emergency, rise of regional parties, coalition politics, contemporary issues

Theory Total

Internal Assessment

Map work, project, class participation

CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Exam Pattern 2027 carries 80 theory marks and 20 marks for project work. Accountancy is divided into two parts: partnership and company accounts, and analysis of financial statements. Accounting for Partnership Firms is the highest-weightage unit with 36 marks, followed by Accounting for Companies with 24 marks. Journal entries, ledger postings, and financial statement analysis remain the highest-scoring areas.

Units

High-Weightage Topics

Marks Allotted

Accounting for Partnership Firms

Partnership fundamentals, reconstitution, dissolution, admission and retirement of partners

Accounting for Companies

Issue and redemption of debentures, share capital

Analysis of Financial Statements

Comparative and common-size statements, accounting ratios

Cash Flow Statement

Cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities

Computerised Accounting

Spreadsheet basics, database applications in accounting

Theory Total

Project Work

Project file and viva

CBSE Class 12 Economics Exam Pattern 2027

CBSE Class 12 Economics Exam Pattern 2027 consists of 80 theory marks and 20 marks for project work. Introductory Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development contribute 40 marks each to the theory paper. National Income Accounting and the chapters on the development experience of India carry the highest weightage. Within Macroeconomics, Determination of Income and Employment carries 12 marks. In Indian Economic Development, current challenges faced by the Indian economy have the highest allocation at 20 marks.

Unit

High-Weightage Topics

Marks Allotted

National Income and Related Aggregates

Circular flow of income, methods of calculating national income

Money and Banking

Functions of money, central bank and credit control

Determination of Income and Employment

Aggregate demand, multiplier, investment

Government Budget and the Economy

Fiscal deficit, revenue and capital budget

Balance of Payments

Foreign exchange rate, BOP account

Development Experience and Economic Reforms

Indian economy on the eve of independence, planning, 1991 reforms

Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy

Poverty, human capital, rural development, employment

Development Experience of India: A Comparison with Neighbours

India, Pakistan, and China development indicators

Theory Total

Internal Assessment

Project work, viva

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Exam Pattern 2027

The CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Exam Pattern 2027 provides 80 marks for theory and 20 marks for project work. Business Studies covers principles and functions of management along with business finance and marketing. Principles and Functions of Management, including planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling, carries 50 theory marks, making it the largest component of the paper.

Unit

High-Weightage Topics

Marks Allotted

Nature and Significance of Management

Levels of management, principles of Fayol and Taylor

Business Environment

Dimensions of business environment, liberalisation and globalisation

Planning and Organising

Steps in planning, types of organisation structure, delegation

Staffing, Directing and Controlling

Recruitment and selection, leadership, motivation, communication

Financial Management

Financial planning, capital structure, fixed and working capital

Financial Markets

Money market, capital market, stock exchange

Marketing Management

Marketing mix, product, pricing, promotion

Consumer Protection

Consumer rights, redressal machinery

Theory Total

Internal Assessment

Project work, viva

CBSE Class 12 Marking Scheme 2027

CBSE Class 12 Marking Scheme 2027 indicates that 70 marks are allotted for theory and 30 marks for practicals in Science subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology). Subjects like Mathematics, Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, History, Political Science, and English allot 80 marks to theory and 20 marks to practicals. CBSE's official passing marks is at least 33% in the external examination, while subjects involving practical work require 33% separately in theory and practical, in addition to the aggregate requirement for the subject. A broad overview of the major subjects covered and their marking scheme is provided in the table below:

Stream

Theory Marks

Practical/ Internal

Total Marks

Passing Marks

Physics

100

23/70 (Theory), 10/30 (Practical)

Chemistry

100

23/70 (Theory), 10/30 (Practical)

Biology

100

23/70 (Theory), 10/30 (Practical)

Mathematics

100