UGC NET Syllabus 2025: EVS, Geography, Commerce, Anthropology and More

Paper  

Number of Questions

Time Duration

Paper 1

50

3 Hours

Paper 2  

100

Total

150

3 Hours

Unit No.

Units

Topics

1

Teaching Aptitude

Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of Teaching, Characteristics, and Basic Requirements. Learner’s Characteristics: Characteristics of Adolescent and Adult Learners, Individual Differences.

2

Research Aptitude

Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivist approach to research. Methods of Research, Research Ethics, Paper, Article, Workshop, Seminar, Conference, Symposium, Thesis writing: its characteristics and format.

3

Comprehension

A passage to be set with questions to be answered.

4

Communication

Communication: Nature, Characteristics, Types, Barriers, and Effective Classroom Communication.

5

Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

Types of Reasoning, Number Series, Letter Series, Codes, and Relationships. Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages, etc.).

6

Logical Reasoning

Understanding the structure of arguments, Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning, Verbal analogies: Word analogy — Applied analogy, Verbal classification.

7

Data Interpretation

Sources, Acquisition and Interpretation of Data, Quantitative and Qualitative Data, Graphical representation, and Data Mapping.

8

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

ICT: General abbreviations and terminology, Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing. Digital initiatives in higher education. ICT and Governance.

9

People, Development and Environment

Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals. Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment. Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution; Water pollution; Soil pollution; Noise pollution; Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic); Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.

10

Higher Education System

Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India. Evolution of higher learning and research in post-independence India. Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programs in India. Professional, Technical and Skill-Based education. Value education and environmental education—policies, Governance, and Administration.

Unit

Topic

Unit-I

Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences

Unit-II

Environmental Chemistry

Unit-III

Environmental Biology

Unit-IV

Environmental Geosciences

Unit-V

Energy and Environment

Unit-VI

Environmental Pollution and Control

Unit-VII

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Unit-VIII

Environmental Assessment, Management, and Legislation

Unit-IX

Statistical Approaches and Modelling in Environmental Sciences

Unit-X

Contemporary Environmental Issues

Unit

Topic

Unit 1

Geomorphology: Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic & Exogenetic Forces, Denudation & Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle, Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting, vulcanicity), Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, avalanches).

Unit 2

Climatology: Atmosphere Composition & Structure, Insolation, Earth's Heat Budget, Temperature, Pressure, Winds, Atmospheric Circulation, Climatic Classifications (Koppen & Thornthwaite), ENSO Events, Meteorological Hazards, Climate Change.

Unit 3

Oceanography: Ocean Relief, Temperature, Density, Salinity, Ocean Circulation (currents, waves, tides), Sea Level Changes, Hazards (tsunamis, cyclones).

Unit 4

Geography of Environment: Ecosystem Components, Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles, Food Chain, Environmental Hazards, Policies & Treaties (Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement).

Unit 5

Population & Settlement Geography: Population Data Sources, Population Distribution, Demographic Transition, Migration, Urbanization, Central Place Theories, Urban Poverty, Slums, Urban Social Analysis.

Unit 6

Economic Activities & Regional Development: Economic Activity Organization, Agricultural Geography, Industrial Location Theories, Geography of Transport, Regional Development Theories, Global Trade Patterns.

Unit 7

Cultural, Social & Political Geography: Cultural Ecology, Social Well-being, Diseases Ecology, Political Geography, Geopolitics, Regional Cooperation Organizations.

Unit 8

Geographic Thought: Contributions of Geographers, Geographic Traditions, Contemporary Trends in Indian Geography, Paradigm Shifts.

Unit 9

Geographical Techniques: Geographic Data, GIS Applications, Remote Sensing, Digital Image Processing, Statistical Techniques (Correlation, Regression, Sampling, Hypothesis Testing).

Unit 10

Geography of India: Physiographic Regions, Drainage System, Monsoon, Soil, Vegetation, Agriculture, Industrial Development, Trade, Natural Disasters in India.

S. No

Section

Details

1

Business Environment and International Business

- Concepts and elements of the business environment - Scope and importance of international business - Theories of international trade - Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) - Balance of payments (BOP) - Regional Economic Integration - International Economic Institutions - World Trade Organisation (WTO)

2

Accounting and Auditing

- Basic accounting principles - Partnership Accounts - Corporate Accounting: Issue, forfeiture, and reissue of shares - Holding company accounts - Cost and Management Accounting - Financial Statements Analysis - Human Resources Accounting - Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS - Auditing - Recent Trends in Auditing

3

Business Economics

- Meaning and scope of business economics - Objectives of business firms - Demand analysis - Consumer behavior - Law of Variable Proportions - Theory of cost - Price determination under different market forms - Pricing strategies

4

Business Finance

- Scope and sources of finance - Cost of capital and time value of money - Capital structure - Capital budgeting decisions - Working capital management - Risk and return analysis - International monetary system - Foreign exchange market - International financial markets and instruments - International arbitrage

5

Business Statistics and Research Methods

- Measures of central tendency - Measures of dispersion - Measures of skewness - Correlation and regression of two variables - Probability - Probability distributions - Research - Data - Sampling and estimation - Hypothesis testing - Report writing

6

Business Management and Human Resource Management

- Principles and functions of management - Organization structure - Responsibility and authority - Motivation and leadership - Corporate governance and business ethics - Human resource management - Compensation management - Performance appraisal including 360-degree performance appraisal - Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management - Personality - Organizational Culture

7

Banking and Financial Institutions

- Overview of the Indian financial system - Types of banks - Reserve Bank of India - Banking sector reforms in India - Financial markets - Financial Institution - Financial Regulators in India - Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion - Digitisation of banking and other financial services - Insurance

8

Marketing Management

- Marketing - Product decisions - Pricing decisions - Promotion decisions - Distribution decisions - Consumer Behaviour - Service marketing - Trends in marketing - Logistics management

9

Legal Aspects of Business

- Indian Contract Act, 1872 - Special contracts - Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 - The Companies Act, 2013 - Limited Liability Partnership - The Competition Act, 2002 - The Information Technology Act, 2000 - The RTI Act, 2005 - Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) - Goods and Services Tax (GST)

10

Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

- Income-tax - International Taxation - Corporate Tax Planning - Deduction and collection of tax at the source

Unit

Topics

1. Fundamentals of Anthropology

- History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, Relationship with other sciences, Branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship, Research methodology and methods: Epistemology, ontology, theoretical perspectives, Types of research (qualitative and quantitative), research design, hypothesis, Fieldwork and fieldwork tradition: Ethnography, Observation, Interview, Case Study, Life History, Focus group, PRA, RRA, Genealogical Method, Schedules and Questionnaires, Grounded Theory, Exploration and Excavation, GIS  Statistics: Variables, sampling, measures of central tendency and dispersion, parametric and nonparametric bivariate and multivariate statistical tests, Techniques of Analysis: Content analysis, Discourse analysis and Narratives

2. Evolution

- Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution, cladogenesis, anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection, Primate radiation: Classification, distribution of extinct and extant species, Characteristics of primates: Morphological, skeletal, physical, locomotion, posture, social behavior , Extant Primates: Distribution, characteristics, classification (Prosimii, Anthropoidea), Fossils of extinct Primates: Oligocene-Miocene fossils (Parapithecus, Gigantopithecus, Aegyptopithecus, Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus), Pre-hominid groups: Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Early Hominids: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus ramidus, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) boisei, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) robustus, Australopithecus bahrelghazali , Early Transitional Human: Homo habilis, Hominid Evolution: Characteristics and distribution of Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Archaic sapiens: Homo heidelbergensis, Rhodesian Man, Neandertal man: Distribution, salient features, phylogenetic position, Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens: Characteristics and distribution in Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, Dispersal of modern humans: Out of Africa hypothesis, Multiregional hypothesis, Partial Replacement hypothesis

3. Modern Human Variation

- Typological Model, Populational Model, Clinal Model, Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn, Birdsell, Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations: H.H. Risley, B. S. Guha, S. S.Sarkar, Linguistic distribution of ethnic groups, Methods of studying Human Genetics: Cytogenetics, Mendelian Genetics, Twin Genetics, Sib Pair methods, Population Genetics, Molecular Genetics, Cytogenetics: cell cycle, karyotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, fluorescent in situ hybridization, Lyon’s hypothesis , Linkage and chromosome mapping, genetic imprinting Modes of inheritance: Autosomal, sex-linked, sex influenced, sex limited, modifying genes, suppressor genes, selfish gene, multiple allelic inheritance, multifactorial inheritance, Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, mating patterns, inbreeding coefficient, genetic load, genetic isolate, genetic drift, genetic distance, genetic polymorphism, Molecular genetics: DNA, RNA, genetic code, protein structure and synthesis, RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, SNPs, Mitochondrial DNA

4. Human Growth, Development and Maturation

- Definition, concepts. Basic principles of growth, phases of growth, Growth curves: Velocity, Distance, Acceleration, Scammon’s Growth curve. Catch up and Catch down growth, Aging and senescence, Factors affecting growth: Genetic and Environmental. Secular trends in growth, Methods of studying human growth: Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Mixed longitudinal, Linked longitudinal, Body composition, Human Adaptation: Allen’s and Bergmann’s rule, Human Adaptability Programme, Somatotyping: Concept, Development (Kretschmer, Sheldon, Parnoll, Health-Carter) and its application, Demography: Multidisciplinary nature of demography and its relation with other disciplines. Fertility, Morbidity and mortality, Migration, Selection intensity

5. Concept of Prehistoric Archaeology

- Ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology, Theoretical paradigms Dating: Typology, seriation, geo-archaeological, obsidian hydration, chemical dating, oxygen isotope, fluorine estimation, dendrochronology, radio-carbon, fission track, thermo-luminescence, potassium-argon, varve clay, cross-dating, amino acid racemization, palaeomagnetic, Paleoenvironment: Major geological stages, climatic changes, glacial and interglacial periods,  Lithic tool typology and technology: Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic, Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe: Lower Palaeolithic (Acheulian), Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian), Upper Palaeolithic (Perigordian, Chatelperronian, Gravettian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian), Mesolithic (Azilian, Tardenoisean, Maglamosean, Kitchen Midden, Natufian), Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East: Jericho, Jarmo, Çatal Huyuk, Shanidar

6. Lower Palaeolithic Period in India

- Pebble tool culture: Soan Acheulian culture, Middle Palaeolithic period in India: Belan valley, Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Narmada valley, Upper Palaeolithic period in India: Renigunta, Billa Surgam, Patne, Bhimbetka, Son and Belan Valleys, Visadi, Pushkar, Gunjan Valley, Mesolithic period in India: Mesolithic economy and society, microlithic technology, composite tools, bows and arrows. Sites: Bagor, Tilwara, Langhnaj, Adamgarh, Bagor, Chopani Mando, Bhimbetka, Sarai Nahar Rai, Birbhanpur, Neolithic Period in India: Economic and social consequences of food production, Settlements, population growth, craft specializations, class formation, political institutions. Sites: Burzahom, Gufkral, Ahar, Gilund, Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran, Nevasa, Chandoli, Daimabad, Inamgaon, Prakash, Maski, Brahmagiri, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Nagarjunakonda, Daojali Hading, Kuchai, Sarutadu, Prehistoric Cave art from India: Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Indus Civilization: Expansion of village sites, Development of metal technology, art and writing, Architecture and city planning, Stages and theories of decline. Sites: Amri, Kot Diji, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, Pottery and Traditions: Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP), Black and Red ware, Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP), Bronze/Copper Age: General characteristics, distribution, people, Iron Age and Urban Revolution: General characteristics, distribution, people, Megaliths: concept and types (menhir, dolmen, topical, cist, cairn circle, sarcophagi)

7. Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology

- Culture: Attributes, Holism, Universals, Acculturation, Enculturation, Transculturation, Culture Change, Culture Shock, Cultural Relativism, Civilization, Folk-Urban Continuum, Great and Little Tradition, Cultural Pluralism and World-View, Society: Groups, Institutions, Associations, Community, Status and Role. Incest. Endogamy and Exogamy. Rites of passage, Social Institutions: Family (definitions, types, functions, rules of residence), Marriage (definition, universality, types, functions, marital transactions), Kinship (definition, Descent, kinship terminology, matrilineal puzzle, Joking and avoidance, Moiety, phratry, clan and lineage), Economic Anthropology: Definition and relationship with Anthropology and Economy, Theories (Malinowski, Formal, Substantive, Marxist), Livelihoods, Subsistence, Principles of production, distribution, consumption, division of labour, Exchange, reciprocity, gifts and barter systems, Legal Anthropology: Anthropology of Law, Social Sanctions , Political Organization: Definitions, political processes in band, tribe, chiefdom and state systems, Conflicts and social control, Nations and Nation-state, democracy, Religion and Belief Systems: Definitions, animism, animatism, mannerism, bongaism, totemism, taboo, Religious specialists, Magic – definitions, types, approaches, Rituals,  Social Change: Basic ideas and concepts (Assimilation, Integration,

Unit

Section

Unit I

Drama

Unit II

Poetry

Unit III

Fiction and Short Story

Unit IV

Non-Fiction Prose

Unit V

Language: Basic Concepts, Theories, and Pedagogy, English in Use

Unit VI

English in India: History, Evolution, and Future

Unit VII

Cultural Studies

Unit VIII

Literary Criticism

Unit IX

Literary Theory post World War II

Unit X

Research Methods and Materials in English

Topic Name

Important Units

Unit 1: Negotiating the Sources

Archaeological Sources, Indus/Harappa Civilization, Expansion of State System, Vedic and Later Vedic Periods, Pastoralism and Food Production

Unit 2: From State to Empire

Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers, Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa, Harsha and his Times, Gupta Vakataka Age, From State to Empire

Unit 3: The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms

Kingdoms in Deccan, South India, Eastern India, Western India, North India, Characteristics of Early Medieval India, Trade and Urbanization, Growth of Brahminical Religions, Debates of State Formation in Early Medieval India

Unit 4: Source of Medieval Indian History

Rise of the Marathas & the Foundation of Swaraj by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Sources of Medieval Indian History, The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis, Foundation of the Mughal Empire, Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire

Unit 5: Administration & Economy

Administration & Economy, Sher Shah’s Administrative Reforms, Administrative System in the Deccan, Frontier Policies under Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, Inter-State Relations during the Sultanate and the Mughals

Unit 6: Society and Culture

The Saints of the Medieval Period, The Sufis, The Sikh Movement, Bhakti Movement, Development of Education, Fine Arts

Unit 7: Sources of Modern Indian History

Sources of Modern Indian History, Rise of British Power, Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India, British Relations with the Principal Indian States, Revolt of 1857

Unit 8: Colonial Economy

Colonial Economy, Expansion and Commercialization of Agriculture, British Industrial Policy, Modernization of Indian Languages and Literary Forms, Indian Society in Transition

Unit 9: Rise of Indian Nationalism

Swadeshi and Swaraj, Birth of the Indian National Congress, B.R. Ambedkar, Gandhian Mass Movements, India after Independence

Unit 10: Historical Method, Research, Methodology, and Historiography

Scope and Importance, Objectivity and Bias in History, Recent Trends in Indian History, Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman, and Church, Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing, Post–Modernism in History

UGC NET Paper 1 Book

Author

Trueman's UGC NET/SET General Paper I

M Gagan and Sajit Kumar

NTA UGC NET/SET/JRF Paper I: Teaching and Research Aptitude by Pearson

KVS Madaan

General Paper-1 UGC NET/JRF/SLET – Teaching & Research Aptitude

Arihant Experts

Upkar’s UGC-NET/JRF/SET Teaching And Research Aptitude (General Paper - I)

Dr Lal Jain and Dr KC Vashistha

Types of Answer  

Marks  

Correct Answers

2

Incorrect Answers

0

Total Marks in UGC NET  

300 Marks