UGC NET Syllabus 2026: Paper 1 and 2 Subject-Wise Syllabus, Best Books

Units

Topics

Teaching Aptitude

Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding, and reflective), characteristics, and basic requirements

Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (academic, social, emotional and cognitive), individual differences

Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution

Methods of teaching in higher learning institutions: Teacher-centred vs learner-centered methods; offline vs online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).

Teaching support system: Traditional, modern, and ICT based

Evaluation systems: Elements and types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Based Credit Systems in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations in evaluation systems

Research Aptitude

Research: Meaning, types, and characteristics, positivism and post-positivistic approach to research

Methods of research: Experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative and quantitative methods

Steps of research

Thesis and article writing: Format and styles of referencing

Application of ICT in research

Research ethics

Comprehension

A passage to be set with questions to be answered.

Communication

Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication

Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal, inter-cultural and group communications, classroom communication

Barriers to effective communication

Mass-media and society

Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

Types of Reasoning, Number Series, Letter Series, Codes, and Relationships. Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages, etc.).

Logical Reasoning

Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, the structure of categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations, and denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition

Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning

Analogies

Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments

Indian Logic: Means of knowledge

Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension)

Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

Data Interpretation

Sources, Acquisition and Interpretation of Data, Quantitative and Qualitative Data, Graphical representation, and Data Mapping.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

ICT: General abbreviations and terminology, Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing. Digital initiatives in higher education. ICT and Governance.

People, Development and Environment

Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals

Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment

Environmental issues: Local, regional and global; air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), climate change and its socio-economic and political dimensions

Impacts of pollutants on human health

Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests

Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies

Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Higher Education System

Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India. Evolution of higher learning and research in post-independence India. Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programs in India. Professional, Technical and Skill-Based education. Value education and environmental education—policies, Governance, and Administration.

Unit

Topic

Unit 1

Geomorphology: Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic & Exogenetic Forces, Denudation & Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle, Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting, vulcanicity), Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, avalanches).

Unit 2

Climatology: Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate.

Unit 3

Oceanography: Ocean Relief, Temperature, Density, Salinity, Ocean Circulation (currents, waves, tides), Sea Level Changes, Hazards (tsunamis, cyclones).

Unit 4

Geography of Environment: Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement).

Unit 5

Population & Settlement Geography: Population Geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and Geographical levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.

Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city and rank-size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion)

Unit 6

Economic Activities & Regional Development: Economic Geography: Factors affecting the spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), and Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.

Agricultural Geography: Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World.

Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on the manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World Distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Geography and R & D) Industries.

Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.

Regional Development: Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India.

Unit 7

Cultural, Social & Political Geography: Cultural and Social Geography: Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology. Cultural Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India.

Political Geography: Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Trends and Developments in Political Geography, Geography of Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour, Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-politics of India Ocean, Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Geopolitics of World Natural Resources.

Unit 8

Geographic Thought: Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars, Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer & Hartshorne), Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions. Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, man environment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis), Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism).

Unit 9

Geographical Techniques: Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps, Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support system), Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications, Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph.

Unit 10

Geography of India: Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics; Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular), Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere, Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, Geographyal, ethnic and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India, Agriculture ( Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food. Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines), Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions), Regional Development Planning in India, Globalisation and its impact on the Indian Economy, Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters.)

S. No

Section

Details

1

Business Environment and International Business

- Concepts and elements of the business environment - Scope and importance of international business - Theories of international trade - Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) - Balance of payments (BOP) - Regional Economic Integration - International Economic Institutions - World Trade Organisation (WTO)

2

Accounting and Auditing

- Basic accounting principles - Partnership Accounts - Corporate Accounting: Issue, forfeiture, and reissue of shares - Holding company accounts - Cost and Management Accounting - Financial Statements Analysis - Human Resources Accounting - Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS - Auditing - Recent Trends in Auditing

3

Business Economics

- Meaning and scope of business economics - Objectives of business firms - Demand analysis - Consumer behavior - Law of Variable Proportions - Theory of cost - Price determination under different market forms - Pricing strategies

4

Business Finance

- Scope and sources of finance - Cost of capital and time value of money - Capital structure - Capital budgeting decisions - Working capital management - Risk and return analysis - International monetary system - Foreign exchange market - International financial markets and instruments - International arbitrage

5

Business Statistics and Research Methods

- Measures of central tendency - Measures of dispersion - Measures of skewness - Correlation and regression of two variables - Probability - Probability distributions - Research - Data - Sampling and estimation - Hypothesis testing - Report writing

6

Business Management and Human Resource Management

- Principles and functions of management - Organization structure - Responsibility and authority - Motivation and leadership - Corporate governance and business ethics - Human resource management - Compensation management - Performance appraisal including 360-degree performance appraisal - Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management - Personality - Organizational Culture

7

Banking and Financial Institutions

- Overview of the Indian financial system - Types of banks - Reserve Bank of India - Banking sector reforms in India - Financial markets - Financial Institution - Financial Regulators in India - Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion - Digitisation of banking and other financial services - Insurance

8

Marketing Management

- Marketing - Product decisions - Pricing decisions - Promotion decisions - Distribution decisions - Consumer Behaviour - Service marketing - Trends in marketing - Logistics management

9

Legal Aspects of Business

- Indian Contract Act, 1872 - Special contracts - Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 - The Companies Act, 2013 - Limited Liability Partnership - The Competition Act, 2002 - The Information Technology Act, 2000 - The RTI Act, 2005 - Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) - Goods and Services Tax (GST)

10

Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

- Income-tax - International Taxation - Corporate Tax Planning - Deduction and collection of tax at the source

Unit

Topics

1. Fundamentals of Anthropology

- History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, Relationship with other sciences, Branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship, Research methodology and methods: Epistemology, ontology, theoretical perspectives, Types of research (qualitative and quantitative), research design, hypothesis, Fieldwork and fieldwork tradition: Ethnography, Observation, Interview, Case Study, Life History, Focus group, PRA, RRA, Genealogical Method, Schedules and Questionnaires, Grounded Theory, Exploration and Excavation, GIS Statistics: Variables, sampling, measures of central tendency and dispersion, parametric and nonparametric bivariate and multivariate statistical tests, Techniques of Analysis: Content analysis, Discourse analysis and Narratives

2. Evolution

- Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution, cladogenesis, anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection, Primate radiation: Classification, distribution of extinct and extant species, Characteristics of primates: Morphological, skeletal, physical, locomotion, posture, social behavior , Extant Primates: Distribution, characteristics, classification (Prosimii, Anthropoidea), Fossils of extinct Primates: Oligocene-Miocene fossils (Parapithecus, Gigantopithecus, Aegyptopithecus, Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus), Pre-hominid groups: Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Early Hominids: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus ramidus, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) boisei, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) robustus, Australopithecus bahrelghazali , Early Transitional Human: Homo habilis, Hominid Evolution: Characteristics and distribution of Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Archaic sapiens: Homo heidelbergensis, Rhodesian Man, Neandertal man: Distribution, salient features, phylogenetic position, Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens: Characteristics and distribution in Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, Dispersal of modern humans: Out of Africa hypothesis, Multiregional hypothesis, Partial Replacement hypothesis

3. Modern Human Variation

- Typological Model, Populational Model, Clinal Model, Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn, Birdsell, Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations: H.H. Risley, B. S. Guha, S. S.Sarkar, Linguistic distribution of ethnic groups, Methods of studying Human Genetics: Cytogenetics, Mendelian Genetics, Twin Genetics, Sib Pair methods, Population Genetics, Molecular Genetics, Cytogenetics: cell cycle, karyotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, fluorescent in situ hybridization, Lyon’s hypothesis , Linkage and chromosome mapping, genetic imprinting Modes of inheritance: Autosomal, sex-linked, sex influenced, sex limited, modifying genes, suppressor genes, selfish gene, multiple allelic inheritance, multifactorial inheritance, Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, mating patterns, inbreeding coefficient, genetic load, genetic isolate, genetic drift, genetic distance, genetic polymorphism, Molecular genetics: DNA, RNA, genetic code, protein structure and synthesis, RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, SNPs, Mitochondrial DNA

4. Human Growth, Development and Maturation

- Definition, concepts. Basic principles of growth, phases of growth, Growth curves: Velocity, Distance, Acceleration, Scammon’s Growth curve. Catch up and Catch down growth, Aging and senescence, Factors affecting growth: Genetic and Environmental. Secular trends in growth, Methods of studying human growth: Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Mixed longitudinal, Linked longitudinal, Body composition, Human Adaptation: Allen’s and Bergmann’s rule, Human Adaptability Programme, Somatotyping: Concept, Development (Kretschmer, Sheldon, Parnoll, Health-Carter) and its application, Demography: Multidisciplinary nature of demography and its relation with other disciplines. Fertility, Morbidity and mortality, Migration, Selection intensity

5. Concept of Prehistoric Archaeology

- Ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology, Theoretical paradigms Dating: Typology, seriation, geo-archaeological, obsidian hydration, chemical dating, oxygen isotope, fluorine estimation, dendrochronology, radio-carbon, fission track, thermo-luminescence, potassium-argon, varve clay, cross-dating, amino acid racemization, palaeomagnetic, Paleoenvironment: Major geological stages, climatic changes, glacial and interglacial periods, Lithic tool typology and technology: Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic, Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe: Lower Palaeolithic (Acheulian), Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian), Upper Palaeolithic (Perigordian, Chatelperronian, Gravettian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian), Mesolithic (Azilian, Tardenoisean, Maglamosean, Kitchen Midden, Natufian), Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East: Jericho, Jarmo, Çatal Huyuk, Shanidar

6. Lower Palaeolithic Period in India

- Pebble tool culture: Soan Acheulian culture, Middle Palaeolithic period in India: Belan valley, Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Narmada valley, Upper Palaeolithic period in India: Renigunta, Billa Surgam, Patne, Bhimbetka, Son and Belan Valleys, Visadi, Pushkar, Gunjan Valley, Mesolithic period in India: Mesolithic economy and society, microlithic technology, composite tools, bows and arrows. Sites: Bagor, Tilwara, Langhnaj, Adamgarh, Bagor, Chopani Mando, Bhimbetka, Sarai Nahar Rai, Birbhanpur, Neolithic Period in India: Economic and social consequences of food production, Settlements, population growth, craft specializations, class formation, political institutions. Sites: Burzahom, Gufkral, Ahar, Gilund, Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran, Nevasa, Chandoli, Daimabad, Inamgaon, Prakash, Maski, Brahmagiri, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Nagarjunakonda, Daojali Hading, Kuchai, Sarutadu, Prehistoric Cave art from India: Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Indus Civilization: Expansion of village sites, Development of metal technology, art and writing, Architecture and city planning, Stages and theories of decline. Sites: Amri, Kot Diji, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, Pottery and Traditions: Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP), Black and Red ware, Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP), Bronze/Copper Age: General characteristics, distribution, people, Iron Age and Urban Revolution: General characteristics, distribution, people, Megaliths: concept and types (menhir, dolmen, topical, cist, cairn circle, sarcophagi)

7. Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology

- Culture: Attributes, Holism, Universals, Acculturation, Enculturation, Transculturation, Culture Change, Culture Shock, Cultural Relativism, Civilization, Folk-Urban Continuum, Great and Little Tradition, Cultural Pluralism and World-View, Society: Groups, Institutions, Associations, Community, Status and Role. Incest. Endogamy and Exogamy. Rites of passage, Social Institutions: Family (definitions, types, functions, rules of residence), Marriage (definition, universality, types, functions, marital transactions), Kinship (definition, Descent, kinship terminology, matrilineal puzzle, Joking and avoidance, Moiety, phratry, clan and lineage), Economic Anthropology: Definition and relationship with Anthropology and Economy, Theories (Malinowski, Formal, Substantive, Marxist), Livelihoods, Subsistence, Principles of production, distribution, consumption, division of labour, Exchange, reciprocity, gifts and barter systems, Legal Anthropology: Anthropology of Law, Social Sanctions , Political Organization: Definitions, political processes in band, tribe, chiefdom and state systems, Conflicts and social control, Nations and Nation-state, democracy, Religion and Belief Systems: Definitions, animism, animatism, mannerism, bongaism, totemism, taboo, Religious specialists, Magic – definitions, types, approaches, Rituals, Social Change: Basic ideas and concepts (Assimilation, Integration,

Unit

Section

Unit I

Drama

Unit II

Poetry

Unit III

Fiction and Short Story

Unit IV

Non-Fiction Prose

Unit V

Language: Basic Concepts, Theories, and Pedagogy, English in Use

Unit VI

English in India: History, Evolution, and Future

Unit VII

Cultural Studies

Unit VIII

Literary Criticism

Unit IX

Literary Theory post World War II

Unit X

Research Methods and Materials in English

Topic Name

Important Units

Unit 1: Negotiating the Sources

Archaeological Sources, Indus/Harappa Civilization, Expansion of State System, Vedic and Later Vedic Periods, Pastoralism and Food Production

Unit 2: From State to Empire

Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers, Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa, Harsha and his Times, Gupta Vakataka Age, From State to Empire

Unit 3: The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms

Kingdoms in Deccan, South India, Eastern India, Western India, North India, Characteristics of Early Medieval India, Trade and Urbanization, Growth of Brahminical Religions, Debates of State Formation in Early Medieval India

Unit 4: Source of Medieval Indian History

Rise of the Marathas & the Foundation of Swaraj by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Sources of Medieval Indian History, The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis, Foundation of the Mughal Empire, Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire

Unit 5: Administration & Economy

Administration & Economy, Sher Shah’s Administrative Reforms, Administrative System in the Deccan, Frontier Policies under Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, Inter-State Relations during the Sultanate and the Mughals

Unit 6: Society and Culture

The Saints of the Medieval Period, The Sufis, The Sikh Movement, Bhakti Movement, Development of Education, Fine Arts

Unit 7: Sources of Modern Indian History

Sources of Modern Indian History, Rise of British Power, Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India, British Relations with the Principal Indian States, Revolt of 1857

Unit 8: Colonial Economy

Colonial Economy, Expansion and Commercialization of Agriculture, British Industrial Policy, Modernization of Indian Languages and Literary Forms, Indian Society in Transition

Unit 9: Rise of Indian Nationalism

Swadeshi and Swaraj, Birth of the Indian National Congress, B.R. Ambedkar, Gandhian Mass Movements, India after Independence

Unit 10: Historical Method, Research, Methodology, and Historiography

Scope and Importance, Objectivity and Bias in History, Recent Trends in Indian History, Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman, and Church, Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing, Post–Modernism in History

Unit

Unit Title

Unit I

Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences

Unit II

Environmental Chemistry

Unit III

Environmental Biology

Unit IV

Environmental Geosciences

Unit V

Energy and Environment

Unit VI

Environmental Pollution and Control

Unit VII

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Unit VIII

Environmental Assessment, Management and Legislation

Unit IX

Statistical Approaches and Modelling in Environmental Sciences

Unit X

Contemporary Environmental Issues

Unit

Topic

Sub-Topics

Unit 1

Political Theory

Political Traditions

Liberalism

Conservatism

Socialism

Marxism

Feminism

Ecologism

Multiculturalism

Postmodernism

Unit 2

Political Thought

• Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, FrantzFanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls

Unit 3

Indian Political Thought

• Dharmashastra, Kautilya, Aggannasutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya

Unit 4

Comparative Political Thought

• Approaches: Institutional, Political Culture, Political Economy and New, Institutionalism; Comparative Methods
• Colonialism and decolonisation: forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonisation
• Nationalism: European and non-European
• State theory: the debate over the nature of the state in capitalist and socialist societies; post-colonial state; welfare state; globalization and nations-states
• Political regimes: democratic (Electoral, Liberal, Majoritarian and Participatory) and non-democratic regimes (Patrimonialism, Bureaucratic authoritarianism,Military dictatorship, Totalitarianism, and fascist)
• Constitutions and Constitutionalism: forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism; emergency powers and the crisis ofconstitutionalism
• Democratisation: democratic transition and consolidation
• Development: Underdevelopment, Dependency, Modernization, World Systems, Theory, development and democracy
• Actor and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Party Systems, Interest groups, Social movements, new social movements, Non-GovernmentalOrganisations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns; Revolutions

Unit 5

International Relations

• Approaches to the study of International relations: Idealism, Realism, Structural, Marxism, Neoliberalism, Neorealism, Social Constructivism, Critical InternationalTheory, Feminism, Postmodernism
• Concepts: State, state system and non-state actors, Power, Sovereignty, Security: traditional and non-traditional
• Conflict and Peace: Changing Nature of Warfare; Weapons of mass destruction; deterrence; conflict resolution, conflict transformation
• United Nations: Aims, Objectives, Structure, and Evaluation of the Working of UN; Peace and Development perspectives; Humanitarian intervention. International law; International Criminal Court
• Political Economy of IR; Globalisation; Global governance and Bretton Woods system, North-South Dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS
• Regional Organisations: European Union, African Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN
• Contemporary Challenges: International terrorism, Climate change and Environmental Concerns, Human Rights, Migration and Refugees; Poverty and Development; Role of Religion, Culture and Identity Politics

Unit 6

India’s Foreign Policy

• Perspectives on India’s Foreign Policy: India’s Identity as postcolonial, development, rising power, and as emerging political economyContinuity and change in India’s Foreign Policy: Principles and determinants; Non-Alignment movement: historical background and relevance of Non AlignedMovement; India’s Nuclear Policy India’s relations with major powers: USA, USSR/Russia, People’s Republic of China
• India’s Engagement with the multipolar world: India’s relations with European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Gulf Cooperation Council
• India’s relations with neighbourhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, Look East/ Act East, Look WestIndia’s Negotiation Strategies in International Regimes: The United Nations, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeContemporary challenges: maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migrants and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security

Unit 7

Political Institutions in India

• Making of the Indian Constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution Indian National Movement to the making of the Indian Constitution
• Constituent Assembly: Composition, Ideological Moorings, Constitutional Debates
• Philosophy of the Constitution: Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles
• Constitutionalism in India: Democracy, Social Change, National Unity, Checks and Balances, Basic Structure Debate, Constitutional Amendments
• Union Executive: President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
• Union Parliament: Structure, Role and Functioning, Parliamentary Committees
• Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Reform.
• Executive and Legislature in the States: Governor, Chief Minister, State Legislature
• Federalism in India: Strong Centre Framework, Asymmetrical Federal Provisions and Adaption, Role of Intergovernmental Coordination Mechanisms, Inter-StateCouncil, Emerging Trends
• Electoral Process and Election Commission of India: Conduct of Elections, Rules, Electoral Reforms
• Local Government Institutions: Functioning and reforms
• Constitutional and Statutory Bodies: Comptroller and Auditor General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities

Unit 8

Political Processes in India

• State, Economy and Development: Nature of Indian State, Development Planning model, New Economic Policy, Growth and Human Development
• Process of globalisation: social and economic implications
• Identity Politics: Religion, Tribe, Caste, Region, Language
• Social Movements: Dalit, Tribal, Women, Farmers, labour
• Civil Society Groups: Non-Party Social Formations, Non-Governmental Organisations, Social Action Groups
• Regionalisation of Indian Politics: Reorganisation of Indian States, States as Political and Economic Units, Sub-State Regions, Regional disparities, Demandfor the New States
• Gender and Politics in India: Issues of Equality and Representation
• Ideology and Social basis of Political Parties: National Parties, State Parties
• Electoral Politics: Participation, Contestation, Representation, Emerging trends

Unit 9

Public Administration

• Public Administration: meaning and evolution; public and private administration
• Approaches: System Theory, Decision Making, Ecological Approach
• Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management, changing nature of Public Administration in the era of liberalisation and Globalisation
• Theories and Principles of Organization: Scientific Management Theory, Bureaucratic Theory, Human Relations Theory
• Managing the organization: Theories of leadership and motivation
• Organisational Communication: Theories and Principles, Chester Bernard Principles of Communication, Information Management in the organization
• Managing Conflict in the Organization: Mary Parker Follett
• Management by Objectives- Peter Drucker

Unit 10

Governance and Public Policy in India

• Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society and individuals
• Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over the executive, administrative and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive, administrative culture, corruption and administrative reforms
• Institutional mechanisms for good governance: Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, Citizen Charter; Grievance redress system: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta
• Grassroots Governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and their functioning
• Planning and Development: Decentralised planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI Aayog
• Public policy as an instrument of socio-economic development: public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MNREGA, NHRM, RTE
• Monitoring and evaluation of public policy; mechanisms of making governance process accountable: jansunwai, social audit

Unit

Topics Covered

Unit 1: Discrete Structures and Optimization

- Mathematical Logic

- Sets and Relation

- Graph Theory

- Optimisation

- Counting, Mathematical Induction, and Discrete Probability

Unit 2: Computer System Architecture

- Digital Logic Circuits and Components

- Data Representation

- Basic Computer Organisation and Design

- Register Transfer and Micro Operations

Unit 3: Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

- Language Design and Translation Issues

- Elementary Data Types

- Object Oriented Programming

- 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing

- 3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations, and Viewing

Unit 4: Database Management Systems

- Database System Concepts and Architecture

- SQL

- Data Warehousing and Data Mining

- Normalisation for Relational Databases

- NoSQL

Unit 5: System Software and Operating System

- System Software

- Basics of Operating Systems

- Threads, CPU Scheduling

- Process Management

- Storage Management

Unit 6: Software Engineering

- Software Process Models

- Software Design

- Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects

- Software Configuration Management

- Software Quality

Unit 7: Data Structures and Algorithms

- Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences

- Data Structures

- Graph Algorithms

- Complexity Theory

- Advanced Algorithms

Unit 8: Theory of Computation and Compilers

- Theory of Computation

- Context-Free Language

- Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity

- Regular Language Models

- Code Generation and Code Optimization

Unit 9: Data Communication and Computer Networks

- Data Communication

- World Wide Web (WWW)

- Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers

- Mobile Technology

- Network Security

Unit 10: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

- Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

- Genetic Algorithms (GA)

- Natural Language Processing

- Knowledge Representation

- Multi-Agent Systems

Unit

Topics Covered

Unit 1: Micro Economics

- General Equilibrium Analysis

- Theory of Production and Costs

- Factor Pricing

- Decision-making under uncertainty, attitude towards risk

- Theory of Consumer Behavior

Unit 2: Macro Economics

- National Income: Concepts and Measurement

- Consumption Function

- Determination of Output and Employment

- Investment Function

- Inflation and Phillips Curve Analysis

Unit 3: Statistics and Econometrics

- Probability Theory

- Sampling Methods & Sampling Distribution

- Linear Regression Models and their Properties

- Statistical Inferences, Hypothesis Testing

- Descriptive Statistics

Unit 4: Mathematical Economics

- Differential Calculus and its Applications

- Static Optimization Problems and their Applications

- Difference and Differential Equations with Applications

- Sets, Functions and Continuity, Sequence, Series

- Linear Algebra – Matrices, Vector Spaces

Unit 5: International Economics

- International Trade: Basic Concepts and Analytical Tools

- Theories of International Trade

- Trade Policy Issues: GATT, WTO, and Regional Trade Blocks

- International Trade under Imperfect Competition

- Exchange Rate: Concepts and Theories

Unit 6: Public Economics

- Market Failure and Remedial Measures

- Regulation of Market

- Public Budget and Budget Multiplier

- Public Debt and its Management

- Fiscal Policy and its Implications

Unit 7: Money and Banking

- Components of Money Supply

- Capital Market and Its Regulation

- Commercial Banking

- Instruments and Working of Monetary Policy

- Non-banking Financial Institutions

Unit 8: Growth and Development Economics

- Economic Growth and Economic Development

- Theories of Economic Development

- Indicators of Economic Development

- Models of Economic Growth

- Technical Progress

Unit 9: Environmental Economics and Demography

- Concepts and Measures: Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality

- Age Structure, Demographic Dividend

- Cost-Benefit Analysis and Compensation Criteria

- Valuation of Environmental Goods

- Market Failure

Unit 10: Indian Economy

- Economic Growth in India: Pattern and Structure

- Indian Finance Commissions and Centre-State Financial Relations; FRBM

- Reforms in Land, Labour, and Capital Markets

- Poverty, Inequality & Unemployment

- Infrastructure Development

Author/Publisher

Book Title

M. Gagan and Sajit Kumar

Trueman’s UGC NET/SET General Paper I

KVS Madaan (Pearson)

NTA UGC NET/SET/JRF Paper I: Teaching and Research Aptitude

Arihant Experts

General Paper-1 UGC NET/JRF/SLET – Teaching & Research Aptitude

Dr. Lal Jain and D.

Upkar’s UGC-NET/JRF/SET Teaching and Research Aptitude (General Paper I)

Harpreet Kaur

Oxford UGC NET/SET for General Paper 1

Team Prabhat

UGC NET Paper 1: Teaching and Research Aptitude

Dr. B.B. Jain (Upkar Publication)

NTA UGC NET/JRF/SET Paper 1 - Teaching and Research Aptitude