LPUNEST 2025 Syllabus: Course-Wise Syllabus, Best Books, & Preparation Tips

Particulars

Details

Exam Mode

Remote Proctred and Centre Based

Test Duration

150 Minutes

Type of Questions

MCQs/FIBs

Medium

English

Total Section

4

Total Marks

400

Marking Scheme

+4 for Attempting Correct Answers in Math/Physics/Chemistry and Biology

+2 for English Section

No Negative Marking

Unit Name

Topics

PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

Physics, technology and society, SI units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

LAWS OF MOTION

Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications. Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications; equilibrium of concurrent forces.

WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power. Potential energy ofa spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic & inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

ROTATIONAL MOTION

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications. Moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.

KINEMATICS

Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.

GRAVITATION

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; Oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.: kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations.

Resonance; Wave motion; Longitudinal and transverse waves,speed of a wave; Displacement relation for a progressive wave; Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound.

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - I

Elastic behaviour, Stress- strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, Bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number. Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.

THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

ELECTROSTATICS - I

Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

ELECTROSTATICS - II

Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.

Electric Cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications.

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors- definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.

ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.

Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment.

OPTICS - I

Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact.

OPTICS - II

Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers, wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width.Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator and transformer.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES - I

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES - II

Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch. Communication systems: Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Reactance waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X- rays, gamma rays). Applications of e.m. waves.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System.

EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.

Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.

Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.

Meter Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.

Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.

Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,

Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body,

Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,

Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.

The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a meter bridge.

The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.

Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.

The focal length of; (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.

The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.

The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.

Identification of Diode. LED, Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

Unit Names

Topics

Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

States of Matter

Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases; Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants.

Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).

Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.

Atomic Structure

Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and filled orbitals.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.

Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.

First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, ΔGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

Solutions

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - the relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van Hoff factor and its significance.

Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ΔG and ΔGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.

Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry - I

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.

Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.

Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention.

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry - II

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions - Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Chemical Kinetics

Adsorption - Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.

Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.

Colloidal state - Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption - Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.

Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.

Colloidal state - Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

General Principles and Process of Isolation of Metals

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical. and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.

Hydrogen

Position of Hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of Hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of Hydrogen peroxide; Classification of Hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

s - Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group 1 and Group 2 Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.

Preparation and properties of some important compounds - Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide and Sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of Lime, Limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

p - Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 15 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

Group wise study of the p – block elements

Group - 13

Preparation, properties and uses of Boron and Aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of Borax, Boric acid, Diborane, Boron tri-fluoride, Aluminium chloride and alums.

Group - 14

Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of Carbon, Silicon tetrachloride, Silicates, Zeolites and Silicones.

Group - 15

Properties and uses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of Phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of Ammonia, Nitric acid, Phosphine and Phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

p - Block Elements

Group 16 to Group 18 Elements:

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical ad chenmical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

Group wise study of the p – block elements

Group - 16

Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of Sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of Sulphur dioxide, Sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur.

Group - 17

Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

Group - 18

Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

d – and f – Block Elements

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Co-ordination Compounds

Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.

Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and stratospheric

Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Green house effect and Global warming; Acid rain; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.

Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.

Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogens, Sulphur, Phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry - I

Tetravalency of Carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C ≡ C - and those containing Halogens, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry-II:

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

Hydrocarbons - I

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of Alkanes.

Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.

Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens:

General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen - I

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary Alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structure.

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen -II

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Aldehyde and Ketones

Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of - Hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between Aldehydes and Ketones.

Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Polymers

General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization - addition and condensation, copolymerization;

Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - Polythene, Nylon, Polyester and Bakelite.

Practical Chemistry

Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises – Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.

Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+. Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI-, Br-, I-. (Insoluble salts excluded).

Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines - their meaning and common examples.

Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.

Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Bio Molecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen).

Proteins - Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

Vitamins - Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.

Stratospheric Pollution

Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.

Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.

Strategies to control environmental pollution

Unit

Topics

Unit 1: Sets

Representation of sets; Union, intersection, complement; Power set and algebraic properties.

Unit 2: Relations

Types of relations, equivalence relations.

Unit 3: Function, Limit and Continuity

One-one, into, onto functions; Composition of functions; Real valued functions; Graphs; Limits, continuity, differentiability.

Unit 4: Complex Numbers

Complex numbers as ordered pairs, Argand diagram, modulus, argument, square root, triangle inequality.

Unit 5: Quadratic Equations

Solutions in real and complex numbers, relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations.

Unit 6: Sequences and Series

Arithmetic & Geometric progression, A.M., G.M., special series.

Unit 7: Matrices

Algebra of matrices, types, adjoint, transpose, symmetric & skew-symmetric matrices.

Unit 8: Determinants

Properties, evaluation, area of triangle, inverse of a matrix, solution of linear equations.

Unit 9: Vector Algebra

Components in 2D and 3D, scalar & vector products, triple products.

Unit 10: Mathematical Reasoning

Statements, logical operators, tautology, contradiction, converse, contrapositive.

Unit 11: Permutations

Fundamental principle of counting, P(n, r), simple applications.

Unit 12: Combinations

Meaning of C(n, r), simple applications.

Unit 13: Mathematical Induction

Principle of Mathematical Induction and applications.

Unit 14: Binomial Theorem

Positive integral index, general term, middle term, binomial coefficients.

Unit 15: Derivatives

Differentiation rules, trigonometric & inverse functions, logarithmic & exponential functions, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s theorems.

Unit 16: Application of Derivatives

Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima, minima, tangents, normals.

Unit 17: Integral Calculus (Part 1)

Antiderivatives, basic integrals, methods of integration, definite integrals as limits, trigonometric identities.

Unit 19: Definite Integrals

Properties, evaluation, area under curves.

Unit 20: Differential Equations

Order, degree, formation, solutions by various methods.

Unit 21: Coordinate Geometry

Cartesian system, distance, section formula, locus, translation, slope, intercepts.

Unit 22: Straight Lines

Equation forms, intersection, angles, bisectors, centroid, orthocentre, circumcentre, family of lines.

Unit 23: Circles

Standard and general forms, tangents, radius, centre, line-circle intersection.

Unit 24: Conic Sections

Parabola, ellipse, hyperbola; standard forms, tangents, points of contact.

Unit 25: 3D Geometry (Part 1)

Coordinates, distance, section formula, direction ratios & cosines, angles between lines.

Unit 26: 3D Geometry (Part 2)

Skew lines, shortest distance, equations of lines and planes, intersection, coplanar lines.

Unit 27: Statistics

Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, mean deviation for grouped/ungrouped data.

Unit 28: Probability

Basic theorems, Bayes’ theorem, probability distributions, Bernoulli trials, binomial distribution.

Unit 29: Trigonometry

Identities, equations, trigonometric functions.

Unit 30: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, domain, range, properties, heights and distances.

Unit

Topics

Unit 1: Diversity & Structural Organisation

Characteristics of living beings, biodiversity, classification systems; Five kingdom classification; Features of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Lichens, Viruses, Viroids; Plant and Animal classification; Morphology & anatomy of flowering plants; Animal tissues; Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous and reproductive systems of cockroach.

Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell organelles and membranes, cytoskeleton, nucleus, biomolecules, enzymes, cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

Unit 2: Plant Physiology

Transport in Plants: Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, water potential, transpiration, root pressure, phloem transport.

Mineral Nutrition: Essential elements, deficiencies, hydroponics, nitrogen metabolism.

Photosynthesis: Site, pigments, cyclic/non-cyclic photophosphorylation, C3 & C4 pathways.

Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport, ATP yield.

Plant Growth & Development: Growth phases, differentiation, PGRs (auxin, gibberellin, ABA, etc.), photoperiodism, vernalisation.

Unit 3: Human Physiology

Digestion and Absorption: Human digestive system, enzymes, absorption, caloric values, disorders.

Breathing and Respiration: Human respiratory system, gas exchange, transport, disorders.

Circulation: Blood composition, human heart, ECG, blood pressure, disorders.

Excretion: Human excretory system, urine formation, osmoregulation, kidney function, dialysis.

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement, muscles, skeletal system, disorders.

Neural Control and Coordination: Neuron structure, human nervous system, impulse conduction, reflexes, sense organs.

Chemical Coordination: Endocrine glands and hormones, disorders (diabetes, goitre, etc.).

Unit 4: Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution

Reproduction in Organisms: Asexual and sexual reproduction, vegetative propagation.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure, gametogenesis, pollination, double fertilization, seed/fruit development.

Human Reproduction: Male/female reproductive systems, fertilization, pregnancy, placenta, parturition.

Reproductive Health: STDs, birth control methods, ART (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).

Genetics: Mendelian laws, deviations, sex determination, linkage, human disorders.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA/RNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, HGP, DNA fingerprinting.

Evolution: Origin of life, evidence, Darwin’s theory, natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg law, human evolution.

Unit 5: Biology, Biotechnology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease: Pathogens, immunity, cancer, AIDS, adolescent health issues.

Food Production: Plant breeding, biofortification, SCP, animal husbandry.

Microbes in Human Welfare: Household, industrial, biocontrol and biofertilizers.

Biotechnology: Genetic engineering, rDNA technology, GM crops, gene therapy, transgenic animals, biosafety issues.

Unit 6: Ecology and Environment

Organisms and Environment: Habitat, niche, adaptations, population interactions.

Ecosystem: Components, energy flow, pyramids, nutrient cycling, ecological succession.

Biodiversity: Importance, threats, conservation methods, hotspots, endangered species.

Environmental Issues: Air/water pollution, agrochemicals, waste management, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, deforestation, case studies.

Topic

Sub-Topic

Grammar: Parts of Speech, Tenses and Modal Verbs

Parts of speech – Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction Interjection; Tenses – Present, Past and Future Tense in Active and Passive Form; Modal Verbs – Can, Could, May, might, Should, Will, would, punctuation, independent and dependent clauses, sentence and its types, determiners

Associative Language Skills: Vocabulary, Antonyms, Synonyms, Homonyms, Homographs One-Word Substitution, Word Analogies, Idioms and Phrases, Common Errors

Vocabulary – Antonyms, Synonyms, Homonyms, Homographs, one-word substitution, Word Analogies, Idioms and Phrases.

Common Errors

Sentence Correction: Error Finding Exercises, Comprehension Passages

Comprehension Passages

Closed and Open Paragraphs: Identifying Key Ideas or Theme.

Subject Name

Topic

Verbal & Reading Comprehension

English Usage or Grammar, Vocabulary (Synonyms/Antonyms), Jumbled Paragraphs, Analogies or Reverse Analogies, Summary Questions, Verbal Reasoning, Facts-Inferences-Judgments, Context, Sentences, Reading Comprehension

Quantitative Aptitude

Number Systems, Profit and Loss, Discount

LCM and HCF, Speed, Time and Distance

Percentages, Time and Work, Ratio and Proportion, Averages, Quadratic Equations & Linear Equations, Complex Numbers, Simple and Compound Interest. Logarithm, Sequences and Series, Inequalities, Probability, Set Theory & Function, Permutation and Combination, Mixtures and Allegations

Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning

Blood Relations, Clocks and Calendars, Syllogism, Statements, Venn Diagram, Data Arrangement, Proposition, Data Structures

Direction Sense, Family Tree, Tables, Coding-Decoding, Binary Logic, Pie Charts, Bar Graphs, Line Charts, Column Graphs, Assumptions, Seating Arrangement, Data Sufficiency, Puzzles

General Awareness

Indian History, Indian Politics, Indian Economy, Financial and Economic news

Budget, Who is Who, Sports Events

Books and Authors, Awards and Honours

Science Invention and Discoveries, Abbreviations, Important Days and Weeks

International and National Organizations, Current National and International Affairs

Topics

Topics

Accountancy

Biology

Agriculture

Computer Science

Business Studies

Economics

Geography

Physical Education

History

Sociology

Psychology

Political Science

Physics

Chemistry

Mathematics

English

General Awareness

Public Administration

Logical Reasoning

Quantitative Aptitude

Subject

Book Title

Author / Publisher

Mathematics

NCERT Mathematics Class 11 & 12

NCERT

Mathematics for Class 11 & 12

R.D. Sharma

Coordinate Geometry for IIT JEE

S.K. Goyal

Integral Calculus for IIT JEE

Amit Agarwal

A Practice Book of Mathematics

Arihant Publications

Chemistry

NCERT Chemistry Class 11 & 12

NCERT

Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

R.C. Mukherjee

Numerical Chemistry (22nd Edition)

P. Bahadur

NCERT Exemplar Problems: Chemistry

NCERT

Concise Inorganic Chemistry

J.D. Lee

Physics

NCERT Physics Class 11 & 12

NCERT

Concepts of Physics Vol 1 & 2

H.C. Verma

Understanding Physics: Electricity & Magnetism

D.C. Pandey

New Pattern Physics Book

D.C. Pandey

Problems in General Physics

I.E. Irodov